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Table 3 Child and family behaviours at child aged 4 months, 9 months, 19 months, 3.5 years and associations with locomotor skill at 5 years olda

From: Modifiable factors which predict children’s gross motor competence: a prospective cohort study

 

Predictors of locomotor skill (potential range 0–48) at each age

Child and family behaviours

Child at 4 months

(n = 256)

β (95% CI)

Child at 9 months

(n = 259)

β (95% CI)

Child at 19 months

(n = 195)b

β (95% CI)

Child at 3.5 years

(n = 178)

β (95% CI)

Child behaviours

 Time spent being physically active with mum

  Lowest tertile

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Middle tertile

−0.89 (− 3.06, 1.27)

0.26 (− 1.96, 2.47)

− 2.27 (−4.72, 0.16)

− 1.12 (− 3.52, 1.30)

  Highest tertile

− 1.68 (− 4.46, 1.10)

−1.66 (− 4.19, 0.87)

−1.36 (− 4.28, 1.57)

−3.73 (−6.68, − 0.78)

 Time spent having tummy time

  Lowest tertile

Ref.

N/A

N/A

N/A

  Middle tertile

0.19 (−1.93 (2.31)

–

–

–

  Highest tertile

1.75 (− 0.61, 4.12)

–

–

–

 Time spent on the floor/free to move aboutc

  Lowest tertile

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Middle tertile

0.37 (−1.92, 2.65)

−0.13 (−2.37 (2.10)

1.07 (− 1.30, 3.44)

1.98 (− 0.64, 4.60)

  Highest tertile

− 0.60 (−3.17, 1.96)

0.29 (− 2.15, 2.73)

2.41 (0.02, 4.80)

− 1.30 (− 3.84, 1.22)

 Time spent with other children of a similar age

  Lowest tertile

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Middle tertile

0.63 (−1.47, 2.74)

−1.52 (−3.62, 0.56)

0.38 (− 2.20, 2.97)

−1.16 (− 3.71, 1.38)

  Highest tertile

0.90 (− 1.33, 3.14)

− 1.53 (− 3.98, 0.91)

− 0.43 (− 2.90, 2.03)

0.04 (− 2.74, 2.83)

 Time spent with older children

  Lowest tertile

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Middle tertile

1.37 (−0.64, 3.38)

− 0.00 (− 2.18, 2.18)

1.31 (− 1.57, 4.21)

3.15 (0.72, 5.59)

  Highest tertile

0.35 (− 1.82, 2.53)

− 0.41 (− 2.66, 1.84)

0.21 (−2.23, 2.66)

3.00 (0.09, 5.91)

 Time spent outside

  Lowest tertile

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Middle tertile

0.30 (− 1.90, 2.50)

2.50 (0.39, 4.62)

0.59 (−1.89, 3.07)

1.82 (−0.90, 4.54)

  Highest tertile

0.68 (−1.51, 2.88)

2.86 (0.47, 5.26)

1.44 (− 1.26, 4.13)

1.65 (−1.21, 4.51)

 Organised activity (Ref. No)

N/A

N/A

Ref.

Ref.

  Yes

–

–

−1.19 (− 3.23, 0.84)

− 1.67 (− 0.94, 4.29)

Maternal beliefs

 Maternal physical activity knowledge

−2.37 (−5.15, 0.41)

N/A

−1.54 (−4.73, 1.65)

− 2.21 (−5.57, 1.15)

 Maternal physical activity views

1.54 (− 0.80, 3.88)

N/A

0.88 (− 1.83, 3.59)

0.61 (− 2.06, 3.28)

 Maternal physical activity optimism

2.43 (0.12, 4.75)

−0.62 (− 2.94, 1.70)

− 0.40 (− 2.80, 2.01)

1.00 (− 1.48, 3.47)

 Maternal physical activity self-efficacy

− 1.03 (− 3.24, 1.18)

0.42 (− 1.69, 2.54)

2.16 (− 0.32, 4.65)

1.61 (− 0.88, 4.09)

 Maternal floor concerns

− 0.31 (− 2.04, 1.43)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Parental behaviours

 Parental facilitation of physical activity (mins/week)

0.06 (− 0.11, 0.24)

0.02 (− 0.15, 0.19)

− 0.02 (− 0.12, 0.07)

0.01 (− 0.11, 0.11)

 Maternal physical activity (mins/week)

− 0.00 (− 0.00, 0.00)

−0.01 (− 0.01, − 0.00)

−0.00 (− 0.00, 0.00)

−0.00 (− 0.00, 0.01)

Home environment

 Physical activity equipment in home

0.15 (−0.27, 0.57)

0.82 (0.05, 1.59)

0.29 (−0.23, 0.81)

0.06 (− 0.07, 0.19)

  1. aAll models controlled for intervention group, sex and age of child and clustering by parents group attended. N/A = not assessed at particular time point
  2. bAlso controlled for age child began walking
  3. cAt 19 months and 3.5 years old, this variable was termed ‘free to move about’ rather than ‘on the floor’
  4. Bolded results are significant at p < 0.05
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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