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Table 2 Multilevel, mixed-effects logit model odds ratios depicting the relative odds of engaging in BTSD, WTSD, Programs, and Policies

From: Diverse school community engagement with the North Carolina active routes to school project: a diffusion study

Predictor

BTSD

WTSD

Program

Policy

Year

 2013 (referent)

 2014

1.524 (0.460)

2.189** (0.342)

2.549 (2.871)

0.071 (0.802)

 2015

3.220** (0.882)

2.477** (0.378)

13.887* (7.318)

19.127** (5.226)

 2016

3.944** (1.069)

3.760** (0.554)

13.246* (6.868)

2.142* (0.288)

 2017

5.902** (1.637)

3.506** (0.522)

7.162 (7.234)

23.054** (5.101)

Overweight/Obese

1.023 (0.409)

2.021** (0.478)

1.162 (0.455)

5.357 (4.789)

Academic Growth Status

 Exceeded (referent)

 Met

0.948 (0.168)

1.05 (0.120)

1.328 (0.410)

0.924 (0.422)

 Not Met

0.920 (0.199)

0.858 (0.121)

0.862 (0.402)

0.712 (0.315)

School Income

 High (referent)

 Medium

0.603* (0.134)

0.677 (0.106)

1.963 (0.969)

0.711 (0.431)

 Low

0.739 (0.258)

0.775 (0.174)

4.752* (2.813)

0.503 (0.402)

Elementary School

3.914** (1.151)

3.042** (0.465)

0.567 (0.245)

0.936 (0.414)

School Locale

 City (referent)

 Suburb

1.427 (0.329)

0.735* (0.109)

2.424 (1.188)

1.398 (0.311)

 Town

1.490 (0.527)

0.622* (0.136)

2.214 (1.104)

0.859 (0.314)

 Rural

1.184 (0.274)

0.555** (0.081)

2.128 (1.158)

0.730 (0.185)

School Racial/Ethnic Demographics

 Hispanic

0.988 (0.274)

0.519* (0.117)

0.632 (0.484)

1.092 (0.397)

 Black

0.825 (0.239)

0.738 (0.127)

0.297 (0.211)

1.178 (0.330)

 White

0.994 (0.171)

0.718 (0.121)

0.929 (0.256)

0.686 (0.168)

 Two Races

0.551 (0.221)

0.779 (0.510)

BTSD

16.163** (2.686)

3.077** (0.832)

2.010 (1.299)

WTSD

16.483** (2.725)

17.513** (4.824)

6.095** (2.570)

Program

3.509** (0.934)

16.127** (3.073)

2.333 (1.267)

Policy

1.535 (1.112)

2.741** (0.449)

1.495 (0.681)

 Constant

0.001** (0.000)

0.009** (0.002)

0.000** (0.000)

0.000** (0.000)

 Observations

13,010

13,010

13,010

13,010

 Log likelihood

− 1264.475

− 2685.341

− 471.879

− 723.022

X2

819.360

938.260

234.990

209.490

p

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

  1. Note. Standard errors in parentheses; Grouping variable = NC county. *p < .05. **p < .01.
  2. BTSD Bike to School Day; WTSD Walk to School Day; Program = bicycle or pedestrian safety education or promotional efforts that recur at least once per month; Policy = policies to incorporate bicycle or pedestrian education of programming into school procedures or curricula