Neighbourhood drivability: environmental and individual characteristics associated with car use across Europe

Table 1 Environmental characteristics associated with time spent in passive transport modes based on the literature, with their implied relation to car driving

Environmental characteristics	Implied relation with drivability
Density
Residential density^a	Higher residential density associated with lower car use [14,15,16].
Population density	Higher population density associated with lower car ownership and car use [15,16,17].
Car road density^a	Higher car road density associated with a higher car use [13].
Diversity
Land-use mix^a	Higher diversity associated with lower car use [14, 18, 26].
Design
Traffic signal density^a	Higher traffic signal density associated with lower car use [18].
Intersection density	Higher three-way intersection density associated with higher car use [19].
Destination accessibility
Parking at work	Higher availability of parking at work associated with higher car use [27].
Distance to destination	Higher distance to work or retail, associated with higher car use [20, 28].
Distance to transit
Distance to transit	Higher distance to transit associated with higher car use [17, 18, 29].
Demand management
Parking supply^a	Higher availability of parking lots is associated with higher car use [17, 21, 22, 30].
Parking costs	Higher parking cost is associated lower car use [23].

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