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Table 1 Environmental characteristics associated with time spent in passive transport modes based on the literature, with their implied relation to car driving

From: Neighbourhood drivability: environmental and individual characteristics associated with car use across Europe

Environmental characteristics

Implied relation with drivability

Density

 Residential densitya

Higher residential density associated with lower car use [14,15,16].

 Population density

Higher population density associated with lower car ownership and car use [15,16,17].

 Car road densitya

Higher car road density associated with a higher car use [13].

Diversity

 Land-use mixa

Higher diversity associated with lower car use [14, 18, 26].

Design

 Traffic signal densitya

Higher traffic signal density associated with lower car use [18].

 Intersection density

Higher three-way intersection density associated with higher car use [19].

Destination accessibility

 Parking at work

Higher availability of parking at work associated with higher car use [27].

 Distance to destination

Higher distance to work or retail, associated with higher car use [20, 28].

Distance to transit

 Distance to transit

Higher distance to transit associated with higher car use [17, 18, 29].

Demand management

 Parking supplya

Higher availability of parking lots is associated with higher car use [17, 21, 22, 30].

 Parking costs

Higher parking cost is associated lower car use [23].

  1. aVariables included in the present study