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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the children and families by family structure

From: A cross-sectional study of obesogenic behaviours and family rules according to family structure in European children

Variable

P-value

 

Two-parent biological

Single-parent

Two-parent blended/ adoptive

Other family types

Total

 

Information on the child-level

Family structure, n (%)

6293 (82.1)

756 (9.9)

482 (6.3)

133 (1.7)

7664

 

Age (years), mean ± SD

10.8 ± 2.9

11.5 ± 2.6

11.3 ± 2.8

11.4 ± 2.3

10.9 ± 2.9

0.0001

BMI z-score, mean ± SD

0.59 ± 1.15

0.57 ± 1.16

0.57 ± 1.16

0.57 ± 1.16

0.58 ± 1.2

0.0006

Sex, n (%)

  Male

3194 (50.8)

376 (49.7)

239 (49.6)

74 (55.6)

3883 (50.7)

0.61

  Female

3099 (49.2)

380 (50.3)

243 (50.4)

59 (44.4)

3781 (49.3)

Number of children in the household

  1

560 (8.9)

225 (29.8)

64 (13.3)

50 (37.6)

899 (11.7)

0.0001

  2

3456 (54.9)

370 (48.9)

182 (37.8)

55 (41.4)

4063 (53.0)

  3

1721 (27.4)

142 (18.8)

162 (33.6)

18 (13.5)

2043 (26.7)

  4

556 (8.8)

19 (2.5)

74 (15.4)

10 (7.5)

659 (8.6)

Country, n (%)

  Italy

1387 (22.0)

58 (7.7)

23 (4.8)

22 (16.5)

1490 (19.4)

 

  Estonia

437 (6.9)

86 (11.4)

130 (27.0)

19 (14.3)

672 (8.8)

 

  Cyprus

1878 (29.8)

124 (16.4)

41 (8.5)

20 (15.0)

2063 (26.9)

 

  Belgium

111 (1.8)

19 (2.5)

11 (2.3)

0 (0)

141 (1.8)

 

  Sweden

605 (9.6)

86 (11.4)

46 (9.5)

1 (0.8)

738 (9.6)

 

  Germany

803 (12.8)

175 (23.2)

106 (22)

26 (19.6)

1110 (14.5)

 

  Hungary

779 (12.4)

165 (21.2)

114 (23.7)

38 (28.6)

1096 (14.3)

 

  Spain

293 (4.7)

43 (5.7)

11 (2.3)

7 (5.3)

354 (4.6)

< 0.0001

Parent’s education level (ISCED), n (%)

  Low

330 (5.5)

49 (6.8)

32 (6.8)

18 (14.3)

429 (5.8)

< 0.0001

  Medium

2636 (34.6)

333 (45.9)

235 (49.9)

79 (62.7)

3283 (44.6)

  High

3068 (50.9)

344 (47.4)

204 (43.3)

29 (2.03)

3655 (49.6)

Screen time (hours/week), mean ± SD

15.8 ± 10.1

18.6 ± 11.8

17.6 ± 12.1

17.1 ± 11.6

16.2 ± 10.5

< 0.0001

Sleep duration (hours/day), mean ± SD

9.4 ± 1.1

9.3 ± 1.1

9.4 ± 1.3

9.4 ± 1.1

9.4 ± 1.11

0.004

SSBs (servings/day), mean ± SD

1.0 ± 1.3

1.1 ± 1.6

1.3 ± 1.6

1.2 ± 1.5

1.1 ± 1.3

0.01

Information on the family-level

Family structure, n (%)

3881 (78.8)

580 (11.8)

360 (7.3)

102 (2.1)

4923

 

Presence of rules for screen time, n (%)

  Present

2983 (88.1)

402 (82.2)

248 (80)

77 (85.6)

3710 (86.8)

< 0.0001

  Not present

404 (11.9)

87 (17.8)

62 (20)

13 (14.4)

566 (13.2)

Availability of SSBs at home, n (%)

  Available

774 (22.2)

121 (24.2)

78 (24.6)

28 (30.4)

1001 (22.7)

0.17

  Not available

2718 (77.8)

379 (75.8)

239 (75.4)

64 (69.6)

3400 (77.3)

Presence of bedtime routines, n (%)

  Present

2101 (82.2)

245 (81.9)

163 (85.3)

41 (74.6)

2550 (82.2)

0.32

  Not present

456 (17.3)

54 (18.1)

28 (14.7)

14 (25.5)

552 (17.8)

  1. Abbreviations: n, number of children; SD, Standard Deviation; BMI, body mass index; ISCED, International Standard Classification of Education; SSBs, sugar-sweetened beverages. P values are from ANOVA or chi-square test, as appropriate. The number of subjects for each variable might vary due to missing data