Exploring the directionality in the relationship between descriptive and injunctive parental and peer norms and snacking behavior in a three-year-cross-lagged study

Table 1 Distribution of study variables. MyMovez study, 2016, 2017 and 2018

	N	Min.	Max.	Mean	SD
Time 1
Descriptive friend norm	678	1	6	3.54	1.13
Descriptive parent norm	678	1	6	4.01	1.31
Injunctive friend norm	615	1	6	3.29	1.64
Injunctive parent norm	615	1	6	4.75	1.45
Percentage core snack food (%)^a	812	0	100	23.69	17.09
Percentage non-core snack food (%)^a	812	0	100	63.55	20.85
Time 2
Descriptive friend norm	389	1	6	3.59	1.10
Descriptive parent norm	389	1	6	4.05	1.18
Injunctive friend norm	285	1	6	3.34	1.56
Injunctive parent norm	289	1	6	4.58	1.39
Percentage core snack food (%)^a	569	0	100	24.73	20.03
Percentage non-core snack food (%)^a	569	0	100	59.79	23.73
Time 3
Descriptive friend norm	310	1	6	3.44	1.02
Descriptive parent norm	311	1	6	3.90	1.18
Injunctive friend norm	315	1	6	3.18	1.57
Injunctive parent norm	315	0	6	4.70	1.31
Percentage core snack food (%)^a	258	0	100	25.73	22.74
Percentage non-core snack food (%)^a	258	0	100	61.55	28.54
	Comparison T2-T1^b			Comparison T3-T2^b
	ΔMean	P-value^c		ΔMean	P-value^c
Descriptive friend norm	.05	n.s.		−.15	n.s.
Descriptive parent norm	.04	n.s.		−.15	n.s.
Injunctive friend norm	.05	n.s.		−.16	n.s.
Injunctive parent norm	−.17	n.s.		.12	n.s.
Percentage core snack food (%)^a	1.04	n.s.		1	n.s.
Percentage non-core snack food (%)^a	−3.76	.002		1.76	n.s.

^aThe percentage of core and non-core snack food intake from total (incl. Middle category) snack food intake is displayed in this table, but we used the proportion numbers (percentage divided by 100) in our analyses
^bA positive difference value indicates higher values over time whereas a negative difference values reflects the opposite
^cWilcoxon Rank Compared Test

ISSN: 1479-5868