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Table 1 Description of included prospective studies of steps per day, by outcome category

From: Systematic review of the prospective association of daily step counts with risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, and dysglycemia

Outcome category (number of studies)

Reference

Cohort or Study

Cohort characteristics (country)

Outcome measure(s)

Outcome follow-up time (years)

Sample characteristics

Sample size (events; %)

Female (%)

Age, years

Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)

BMI, kg/m2

Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)

Baseline daily step counts

Mean ± SD or Median (IQR)

All-cause mortality

(N = 5)

Dwyer, 2015 [15]

Tasped cohort (3 pooled population cohorts [AusDiab, TASOAC, TASCOG])

AusDiab: 1136 adults aged ≥25 years in 1999–2000 (Aus)

TASOAC: 1041 adults ages 50–80 years in 2002–2004 (Aus)

TASCOG: 399 adults ages 60–86 years in 2005 (Aus)

All-cause mortality

10

n = 2576

(219; 8.5%)

52.4

58.8 ± 13.2

27.4 ± 4.8

8856 ± 4510

Fox, 2015 [16]

Project OPAL

240 adults aged ≥70 years (UK)

All-cause mortality

4–5

n = 201

(33; 16.4%)

48.8

Age, years (%)

70–74.9: 36.6

75–79.9: 26.8

80–84.9: 24.9

85+: 11.7

BMI, kg/m2(%)

< 25.0: 34.3

25.0–29.9: 37.6

≥30.0: 28.2

Tertiles, (%)

< 3196: 31.8

3196–5170: 33.3

> 5170: 34.8

Jefferis, 2019 [17]

British Regional Heart Study

7735 men aged 40–59 recruited in 1978–1980 (UK)

All-cause mortality

5

n = 1181

(194; 16.4%)

0

78.4 ± 4.6

27.1 ± 3.8

4938 ± 2794

Lee, 2019 [18]

Women’s Health Study

39,876 US women aged ≥45 recruited in 1992–2004

All-cause mortality

4

n = 16,741 (504; 3%)

100

72.0 ± 5.7

26.2 ± 5.0

5499 (SD not reported)

Yamamoto, 2018 [19]

N/A

600 adults aged 70 years in 1998 (Japan)

All-cause mortality

10

n = 419

(76; 18.1%)

45.6

71.0 ± 0.0

22.6 ± 2.9

6470 ± 2732

CVD (N = 4)

Cochrane, 2017 [20]

LIFE RCT

1600 mobility-limited older adults aged 70–89 years in 2010–2013 (US)

Composite of MI, silent MI, hospitalized angina, congestive heart failure, revascularization with bypass surgery or percutaneous angioplasty, aortic aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or transient ischemic attack

0.5, 1, and 2

n = 1590

(234; 14.7%)

67.2

78.9 ± 5.2

30.1 ± 5.9

2681 ± 1475

Huffman, 2014 [21]

NAVIGATOR trial

9306 adults with impaired glucose tolerance and existing CVD (if ≥50 years) or with at least 1 additional CVD risk factor (if ≥55 years) in 2002–2004 (multiple)

Cardio-metabolic risk score

6

n = 7118 (N/A)

50.6

63.0 (58.0–69.0)

29.6 (26.7–33.2)

6178 ± 3833

Jefferis, 2019 [22]

British Regional Heart Study

7735 men aged 40–59 recruited in 1978–1980 (UK)

MI, stroke, or heart failure morbidity or mortality

5

N = 1181 (122; 10.3%)

0

78.4 ± 4.6

27.1 ± 3.8

4938 ± 2794

Yates, 2014 [23]

NAVIGATOR trial

9306 adults with impaired glucose tolerance and existing CVD (if ≥50 years) or with at least 1 additional CVD risk factor (if ≥55 years) in 2002–2004 (multiple)

Composite of time to death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal MI, or non-fatal stroke

5

n = 9018

(531; 5.9%)

51.0

63.0 (58.0–69.0)

29.6 (26.8–33.3)

6245 (4065–9157)

Dysglycemia (N = 8)

Kraus, 2018 [26]

NAVIGATOR trial

9306 adults with impaired glucose tolerance and existing CVD (if ≥50 years) or with at least 1 additional CVD risk factor (if ≥55 years) in 2002–2004 (multiple)

Diabetes

5

n = 9306

(3254; 35.0%)

50.6

65.0 (59.0–71.0)

31.2 (27.7–35.4)

6205 ± 3727

Ponsonby, 2011 [27]

AusDiab

1136 adults aged ≥25 years in 1999–2000 (Aus)

Incident dysglycemia

5

n = 458

(26; 5.7%)

55.9

49.7 ± 1.5

26.1 ± 0.4

10,733 (7695–13,833)

Dwyer, 2011 [24]

AusDiab

1136 adults aged ≥25 years in 1999–2000 (Aus)

Insulin sensitivity

5

n = 592 (N/A)

54.9

50.8 ± 12.3

26.5 ± 3.9

Men: 10172 (7435–13,928)

Women: 10969 (7889–14,402)

Herzig, 2014 [25]

PreDiabEx RCT

78 adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes (Finland)

Insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose

0.25

n = 68 (N/A)

73.5

58.8 ± 10.3

31.7 ± 5.3

5130 ± 3424

Siddiqui, 2018 [31]

N/A

95 adults aged 18–65 with type 2 diabetes (South Africa)

HbA1c

0.25

n = 95 (N/A)

67.4

54.7 ± 7.1

33.2 ± 6.4

3811 ± 1683

Tudor-Locke, 2004 [28]

First Step Program RCT

146 adults with diabetes ages 40–60 years (year not given) (Canada)

Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c

0.3 and 0.5

n = 47 (N/A)

44.7

52.7 ± 5.2

33.3 ± 5.6

6011 ± 2496

Van Dyck, 2013 [29]

N/A

92 adults with type 2 diabetes ages 35–75 in 2007

HbA1c, fasting glucose

0.5 and 1

n = 92 (N/A)

31.0

62.0 ± 9.0

30.0 ± 2.8

5021 ± 2591

Yates, 2015 [30]

NAVIGATOR trial

9306 adults with impaired glucose tolerance and existing CVD (if ≥50 years) or with at least 1 additional CVD risk factor (if ≥55 years) in 2002–2004 (multiple)

Fasting glucose

4

n = 3964 (N/A)

50.4

63.0 (58.0–68.0)

29.0 (26.3–32.6)

6501 (4235–9323)

  1. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation; IQR interquartile range; BMI body mass index; Aus Australia; N/A not applicable; RCT randomized controlled trial; MI myocardial infarction; CVD, cardiovascular disease