Fig. 1

Conceptual model of associations of neighbourhood environmental characteristics with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time. Pathways 1 to 4 indicate associations of environmental characteristics with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time mediated by car ownership and moderated by city (pathways 1–4) and physical function (pathways 2–4). N, P, Ø and C indicate, respectively, hypothesised negative, positive, null and curvilinear relationships between variables. The letter U indicate uncertain direction of association