Skip to main content

Table 1 Individual characteristics, health-related factors, psychosocial factors, and neighborhood environmental factors (n = 2209)

From: Physical activity-mediated associations between perceived neighborhood social environment and depressive symptoms among Jackson Heart Study participants

 

Overall (n = 2209)

Neighborhood Violencea

P

Neighborhood Problemsa

P

Neighborhood Social Cohesiona

P

n (%)

High n = 1116

Low n = 1093

High n = 1157

Low n = 1052

High n = 1166

Low n = 1043

Individual characteristics

 Age (years), M (±SD)

52.64 (±12.20)

54.97 (±12.36)

50.27 (±11.57)

<.0001

54.96 (±12.39)

50.10 (±11.47)

<.0001

52.11 (±12.00)

53.25 (±12.40)

0.0283

 Female

1418 (64.19)

742 (66.49)

417 (38.15)

0.0230

773 (66.81)

645 (61.31)

0.0071

739 (63.38)

679 (65.10)

0.3995

 High School Graduate

   

<.0001

  

<.0001

  

<.0001

  Yes

1959 (88.68)

938 (84.05)

1021 (93.41)

 

969 (83.75)

990 (94.11)

 

1072 (91.94)

887 (85.04)

 

  No

250 (11.32)

178 (15.95)

72 (6.59)

 

188 (16.25)

62 (5.89)

 

94 (8.06)

156 (14.96)

 

 Income

   

<.0001

  

<.0001

  

<.0001

   ≥ $50,000

783 (35.45)

289 (25.90)

494 (45.20)

 

286 (24.72)

497 (47.24)

 

499 (42.80)

284 (27.23)

 

   < $50,000

1140 (51.61)

689 (61.74)

451 (41.26)

 

730 (63.09)

410 (38.97)

 

515 (44.17)

625 (59.92)

 

  Not reported

286 (12.95)

138 (12.37)

148 (13.54)

 

141 (12.19)

145 (13.78)

 

152 (13.04)

134 (12.85)

 

Health-related factors

 Body Mass Index, M (±SD)

31.83 (±7.18)

32.10 (±7.40)

31.56 (±6.95)

0.0780

31.90 (±7.32)

31.76 (±7.03)

0.6354

31.60 (±6.90)

32.10 (±7.48)

0.1045

 Total Physical Activity

6.76 (±1.96)

6.48 (±1.96)

7.04 (±1.93)

<.0001

6.54 (±1.98)

7.00 (±1.91)

<.0001

6.93 (±1.97)

6.56 (±1.93)

<.0001

 Current smoker

250 (11.32)

144 (12.90)

106 (9.70)

0.0174

150 (12.96)

100 (9.51)

0.0104

121 (10.38)

129 (12.37)

0.1404

 Alcohol drinkerb

1093 (49.48)

505 (45.25)

588 (53.80)

<.0001

522 (45.12)

571 (54.28)

<.0001

605 (51.89)

488 (46.79)

0.0167

 Disabled from walking

95 (4.30)

58 (5.20)

37 (3.39)

0.0358

62 (5.36)

33 (3.14)

0.0101

50 (4.29)

45 (4.31)

0.9757

 History of Medical Condition

721 (32.64)

417 (37.37)

304 (27.81)

<.0001

438 (37.86)

283 (26.90)

<.0001

332 (28.47)

389 (37.30)

<.0001

 Depressive Symptoms based on CES-D score

10.79 (±8.05)

11.89 (±8.47)

9.66 (±7.43)

<.0001

11.89 (±8.36)

9.58 (±7.52)

<.0001

9.92 (±7.60)

11.76 (±8.43)

<.0001

Psychosocial factors, M (±SD)

 Lifetime discrimination

3.55 (±1.89)

3.40 (±1.87)

3.70 (±1.91)

0.0002

3.41 (±1.88)

3.70 (±1.90)

0.0004

3.62 (±1.88)

3.47 (±1.91)

0.0523

 Daily discrimination

2.20 (±0.99)

2.20 (±1.05)

2.19 (±0.93)

0.8077

2.21 (±1.04)

2.19 (±0.94)

0.7354

2.20 (±0.96)

2.20 (±1.03)

0.9742

 Burden of lifetime discrimination

2.35 (±0.77)

2.38 (±0.78)

2.32 (±0.76)

0.0785

2.38 (±0.78)

2.33 (±0.76)

0.1498

2.35 (±0.77)

2.36 (±0.77)

0.6732

 Chronic stress

5.64 (±4.45)

5.87 (±4.69)

5.40 (±4.17)

0.0120

5.86 (±4.70)

5.39 (±4.14)

0.0112

5.28 (±4.18)

6.04 (±4.70)

<.0001

 Weekly stress

87.22 (±82.25)

90.33 (±86.44)

84.03 (±77.65)

0.0716

90.77 (±86.08)

83.31 (±77.67)

0.0325

81.30 (±76.67)

93.84 (±87.63)

0.0004

Neighborhood Environment at the census tract level, M (±SD)

Perceived neighborhood social environmentc

  Violence

1.25 (±0.12)

1.35 (±0.09)

1.15 (±0.05)

<.0001

1.34 (±0.09)

1.15 (±0.05)

<.0001

1.19 (±0.07)

1.32 (±0.13)

<.0001

  Problems

1.55 (±0.19)

1.69 (±0.13)

1.40 (±0.10)

<.0001

1.69 (±0.12)

1.38 (±0.08)

<.0001

1.44 (±0.12)

1.66 (±0.18)

<.0001

  Social cohesion

3.02 (±0.12)

2.95 (±0.12)

3.09 (±0.08)

<.0001

2.95 (±0.11)

3.09 (±0.08)

<.0001

3.11 (±0.06)

2.92 (±0.08)

<.0001

Objective built environmentd

  Population density (people/km2)

791.61 (±487.82)

1012.09 (±420.60)

566.50 (±447.36)

<.0001

1088.86 (±365.89)

464.69 (±385.26)

<.0001

620.88 (±463.75)

982.48 (±441.26)

<.0001

  1. Note
  2. aBased on the median
  3. bAlcohol consumption in the past 12 months
  4. cEach perceived social environment variable was aggregated to census-tract level based on unconditional empirical Bayes estimation adjusting for age and sex
  5. dPopulation density was measured around 1 mile from participant’s residence
  6. P-values were based on t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables.