| Overall (n = 2209) | Neighborhood Violencea | P | Neighborhood Problemsa | P | Neighborhood Social Cohesiona | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | High n = 1116 | Low n = 1093 | High n = 1157 | Low n = 1052 | High n = 1166 | Low n = 1043 | ||||
Individual characteristics | ||||||||||
 Age (years), M (±SD) | 52.64 (±12.20) | 54.97 (±12.36) | 50.27 (±11.57) | <.0001 | 54.96 (±12.39) | 50.10 (±11.47) | <.0001 | 52.11 (±12.00) | 53.25 (±12.40) | 0.0283 |
 Female | 1418 (64.19) | 742 (66.49) | 417 (38.15) | 0.0230 | 773 (66.81) | 645 (61.31) | 0.0071 | 739 (63.38) | 679 (65.10) | 0.3995 |
 High School Graduate |  |  |  | <.0001 |  |  | <.0001 |  |  | <.0001 |
  Yes | 1959 (88.68) | 938 (84.05) | 1021 (93.41) |  | 969 (83.75) | 990 (94.11) |  | 1072 (91.94) | 887 (85.04) |  |
  No | 250 (11.32) | 178 (15.95) | 72 (6.59) |  | 188 (16.25) | 62 (5.89) |  | 94 (8.06) | 156 (14.96) |  |
 Income |  |  |  | <.0001 |  |  | <.0001 |  |  | <.0001 |
   ≥ $50,000 | 783 (35.45) | 289 (25.90) | 494 (45.20) |  | 286 (24.72) | 497 (47.24) |  | 499 (42.80) | 284 (27.23) |  |
   < $50,000 | 1140 (51.61) | 689 (61.74) | 451 (41.26) |  | 730 (63.09) | 410 (38.97) |  | 515 (44.17) | 625 (59.92) |  |
  Not reported | 286 (12.95) | 138 (12.37) | 148 (13.54) |  | 141 (12.19) | 145 (13.78) |  | 152 (13.04) | 134 (12.85) |  |
Health-related factors | ||||||||||
 Body Mass Index, M (±SD) | 31.83 (±7.18) | 32.10 (±7.40) | 31.56 (±6.95) | 0.0780 | 31.90 (±7.32) | 31.76 (±7.03) | 0.6354 | 31.60 (±6.90) | 32.10 (±7.48) | 0.1045 |
 Total Physical Activity | 6.76 (±1.96) | 6.48 (±1.96) | 7.04 (±1.93) | <.0001 | 6.54 (±1.98) | 7.00 (±1.91) | <.0001 | 6.93 (±1.97) | 6.56 (±1.93) | <.0001 |
 Current smoker | 250 (11.32) | 144 (12.90) | 106 (9.70) | 0.0174 | 150 (12.96) | 100 (9.51) | 0.0104 | 121 (10.38) | 129 (12.37) | 0.1404 |
 Alcohol drinkerb | 1093 (49.48) | 505 (45.25) | 588 (53.80) | <.0001 | 522 (45.12) | 571 (54.28) | <.0001 | 605 (51.89) | 488 (46.79) | 0.0167 |
 Disabled from walking | 95 (4.30) | 58 (5.20) | 37 (3.39) | 0.0358 | 62 (5.36) | 33 (3.14) | 0.0101 | 50 (4.29) | 45 (4.31) | 0.9757 |
 History of Medical Condition | 721 (32.64) | 417 (37.37) | 304 (27.81) | <.0001 | 438 (37.86) | 283 (26.90) | <.0001 | 332 (28.47) | 389 (37.30) | <.0001 |
 Depressive Symptoms based on CES-D score | 10.79 (±8.05) | 11.89 (±8.47) | 9.66 (±7.43) | <.0001 | 11.89 (±8.36) | 9.58 (±7.52) | <.0001 | 9.92 (±7.60) | 11.76 (±8.43) | <.0001 |
Psychosocial factors, M (±SD) | ||||||||||
 Lifetime discrimination | 3.55 (±1.89) | 3.40 (±1.87) | 3.70 (±1.91) | 0.0002 | 3.41 (±1.88) | 3.70 (±1.90) | 0.0004 | 3.62 (±1.88) | 3.47 (±1.91) | 0.0523 |
 Daily discrimination | 2.20 (±0.99) | 2.20 (±1.05) | 2.19 (±0.93) | 0.8077 | 2.21 (±1.04) | 2.19 (±0.94) | 0.7354 | 2.20 (±0.96) | 2.20 (±1.03) | 0.9742 |
 Burden of lifetime discrimination | 2.35 (±0.77) | 2.38 (±0.78) | 2.32 (±0.76) | 0.0785 | 2.38 (±0.78) | 2.33 (±0.76) | 0.1498 | 2.35 (±0.77) | 2.36 (±0.77) | 0.6732 |
 Chronic stress | 5.64 (±4.45) | 5.87 (±4.69) | 5.40 (±4.17) | 0.0120 | 5.86 (±4.70) | 5.39 (±4.14) | 0.0112 | 5.28 (±4.18) | 6.04 (±4.70) | <.0001 |
 Weekly stress | 87.22 (±82.25) | 90.33 (±86.44) | 84.03 (±77.65) | 0.0716 | 90.77 (±86.08) | 83.31 (±77.67) | 0.0325 | 81.30 (±76.67) | 93.84 (±87.63) | 0.0004 |
Neighborhood Environment at the census tract level, M (±SD) | ||||||||||
Perceived neighborhood social environmentc | ||||||||||
  Violence | 1.25 (±0.12) | 1.35 (±0.09) | 1.15 (±0.05) | <.0001 | 1.34 (±0.09) | 1.15 (±0.05) | <.0001 | 1.19 (±0.07) | 1.32 (±0.13) | <.0001 |
  Problems | 1.55 (±0.19) | 1.69 (±0.13) | 1.40 (±0.10) | <.0001 | 1.69 (±0.12) | 1.38 (±0.08) | <.0001 | 1.44 (±0.12) | 1.66 (±0.18) | <.0001 |
  Social cohesion | 3.02 (±0.12) | 2.95 (±0.12) | 3.09 (±0.08) | <.0001 | 2.95 (±0.11) | 3.09 (±0.08) | <.0001 | 3.11 (±0.06) | 2.92 (±0.08) | <.0001 |
Objective built environmentd | ||||||||||
  Population density (people/km2) | 791.61 (±487.82) | 1012.09 (±420.60) | 566.50 (±447.36) | <.0001 | 1088.86 (±365.89) | 464.69 (±385.26) | <.0001 | 620.88 (±463.75) | 982.48 (±441.26) | <.0001 |