| Neighborhood Violence | Neighborhood Problems | Neighborhood Social Cohesion | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE) | 95% C.I. | B (SE) | 95% C.I. | B (SE) | 95% C.I. | |
Intercept | 7.69 (2.06)*** | 3.61, 11.78 | 7.71 (1.86)*** | 4.02, 11.41 | 17.78 (4.19)*** | 9.49, 26.07 |
Neighborhood Social Environmenta | 3.59 (1.34)** | 0.93, 6.26 | 3.06 (0.94)** | 1.19, 4.93 | −1.96 (1.30) | −4.53, 0.61 |
Individual Characteristics | ||||||
 Age (years) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.02, 0.03 | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.03, 0.03 | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.02, 0.03 |
 Sex | ||||||
  Female | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Male | −1.13 (0.31)*** | −1.74, −0.51 | − 1.13 (0.31)*** | − 1.74, − 0.51 | −1.11 (0.31)*** | − 1.72, − 0.49 |
 High School Graduate | ||||||
  No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Yes | −1.98 (0.47)*** | −2.93, − 1.02 | −1.97 (0.47)*** | − 2.92, − 1.02 | −2.02 (0.48)*** | − 2.97, − 1.07 |
 Income | ||||||
   ≥ $50,000 | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
   < $50,000 | 1.77 (0.33)*** | 1.11, 2.43 | 1.72 (0.33)*** | 1.06, 2.38 | 1.83 (0.33)*** | 1.17, 2.48 |
  Not reported | 1.06 (0.46)* | 0.14, 1.98 | 1.05 (0.46)* | 0.13, 1.97 | 1.11 (0.46)* | 0.19, 2.03 |
Health-Related Factors | ||||||
 Body Mass Index, M (±SD) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.03, 0.05 | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.02, 0.05 | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.02, 0.05 |
 Total Physical Activity | −0.23 (0.07)** | − 0.38, − 0.09 | −0.23 (0.07)** | − 0.38, − 0.09 | −0.24 (0.07)** | − 0.39, − 0.10 |
 Current smoker | ||||||
  No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Yes | 0.89 (0.45) | −0.01, 1.80 | 0.89 (0.45) | −0.01, 1.79 | 0.92 (0.45)* | 0.02, 1.82 |
 Alcohol consumption | ||||||
  No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Yes | 0.19 (0.30) | −0.40, 0.77 | 0.19 (0.30) | −0.39, 0.78 | 0.16 (0.30) | −0.42, 0.75 |
 Disabled from walking | ||||||
  No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Yes | 1.46 (0.70)* | 0.03, 2.88 | 1.44 (0.70)* | 0.02, 2.86 | 1.44 (0.70)* | 0.01, 2.86 |
 History of Medical Condition | ||||||
  No | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Yes | 0.93 (0.31)** | 0.32, 1.54 | 0.94 (0.31)** | 0.32, 1.55 | 0.94 (0.31)** | 0.32, 1.55 |
Psychosocial Factorsb | ||||||
 Lifetime discrimination | −0.47 (0.18)** | − 0.83, − 0.11 | − 0.46 (0.18)* | − 0.82, − 0.11 | − 0.49 (0.18)** | − 0.85, − 0.14 |
 Daily discrimination | 0.72 (0.16)*** | 0.40, 1.04 | 0.71 (0.16)*** | 0.39, 1.03 | 0.72 (0.16)*** | 0.40, 1.04 |
 Burden of lifetime discrimination | 0.79 (0.16)*** | 0.47, 1.12 | 0.80 (0.16)*** | 0.47, 1.12 | 0.80 (0.17)*** | 0.48, 1.12 |
 Chronic stress | 1.32 (0.16)*** | 1.00, 1.64 | 1.32 (0.16)*** | 1.00, 1.63 | 1.33 (0.16)*** | 1.01, 1.66 |
 Weekly stress | 2.91 (0.15)*** | 2.61, 3.21 | 2.90 (0.15)*** | 2.60, 3.21 | 2.91 (0.15)*** | 2.61, 3.21 |
Built Environmentc | ||||||
 Population density (1000 people/km2) | −0.15 (0.33) | − 0.81, 0.50 | − 0.35 (0.35) | − 1.04, 0.34 | 0.06 (0.32) | − 0.57, 0.69 |