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Table 2 Associations between neighborhood social environment and depressive symptoms scores controlling for covariates among Jackson Heart Study participants (n = 2209)

From: Physical activity-mediated associations between perceived neighborhood social environment and depressive symptoms among Jackson Heart Study participants

 

Neighborhood Violence

Neighborhood Problems

Neighborhood Social Cohesion

B (SE)

95% C.I.

B (SE)

95% C.I.

B (SE)

95% C.I.

Intercept

7.69 (2.06)***

3.61, 11.78

7.71 (1.86)***

4.02, 11.41

17.78 (4.19)***

9.49, 26.07

Neighborhood Social Environmenta

3.59 (1.34)**

0.93, 6.26

3.06 (0.94)**

1.19, 4.93

−1.96 (1.30)

−4.53, 0.61

Individual Characteristics

 Age (years)

0.00 (0.01)

−0.02, 0.03

0.00 (0.01)

−0.03, 0.03

0.01 (0.01)

−0.02, 0.03

 Sex

  Female

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Male

−1.13 (0.31)***

−1.74, −0.51

− 1.13 (0.31)***

− 1.74, − 0.51

−1.11 (0.31)***

− 1.72, − 0.49

 High School Graduate

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

−1.98 (0.47)***

−2.93, − 1.02

−1.97 (0.47)***

− 2.92, − 1.02

−2.02 (0.48)***

− 2.97, − 1.07

 Income

   ≥ $50,000

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

   < $50,000

1.77 (0.33)***

1.11, 2.43

1.72 (0.33)***

1.06, 2.38

1.83 (0.33)***

1.17, 2.48

  Not reported

1.06 (0.46)*

0.14, 1.98

1.05 (0.46)*

0.13, 1.97

1.11 (0.46)*

0.19, 2.03

Health-Related Factors

 Body Mass Index, M (±SD)

0.01 (0.02)

−0.03, 0.05

0.01 (0.02)

−0.02, 0.05

0.01 (0.02)

−0.02, 0.05

 Total Physical Activity

−0.23 (0.07)**

− 0.38, − 0.09

−0.23 (0.07)**

− 0.38, − 0.09

−0.24 (0.07)**

− 0.39, − 0.10

 Current smoker

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

0.89 (0.45)

−0.01, 1.80

0.89 (0.45)

−0.01, 1.79

0.92 (0.45)*

0.02, 1.82

 Alcohol consumption

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

0.19 (0.30)

−0.40, 0.77

0.19 (0.30)

−0.39, 0.78

0.16 (0.30)

−0.42, 0.75

 Disabled from walking

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

1.46 (0.70)*

0.03, 2.88

1.44 (0.70)*

0.02, 2.86

1.44 (0.70)*

0.01, 2.86

 History of Medical Condition

  No

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

  Yes

0.93 (0.31)**

0.32, 1.54

0.94 (0.31)**

0.32, 1.55

0.94 (0.31)**

0.32, 1.55

Psychosocial Factorsb

 Lifetime discrimination

−0.47 (0.18)**

− 0.83, − 0.11

− 0.46 (0.18)*

− 0.82, − 0.11

− 0.49 (0.18)**

− 0.85, − 0.14

 Daily discrimination

0.72 (0.16)***

0.40, 1.04

0.71 (0.16)***

0.39, 1.03

0.72 (0.16)***

0.40, 1.04

 Burden of lifetime discrimination

0.79 (0.16)***

0.47, 1.12

0.80 (0.16)***

0.47, 1.12

0.80 (0.17)***

0.48, 1.12

 Chronic stress

1.32 (0.16)***

1.00, 1.64

1.32 (0.16)***

1.00, 1.63

1.33 (0.16)***

1.01, 1.66

 Weekly stress

2.91 (0.15)***

2.61, 3.21

2.90 (0.15)***

2.60, 3.21

2.91 (0.15)***

2.61, 3.21

Built Environmentc

 Population density (1000 people/km2)

−0.15 (0.33)

− 0.81, 0.50

− 0.35 (0.35)

− 1.04, 0.34

0.06 (0.32)

− 0.57, 0.69

  1. Note
  2. aEach perceived social environment variable was based on unconditional empirical Bayes estimation adjusting for age and sex
  3. bBased on scale sores which were standardized by computing z scores with mean zero and one standard deviation
  4. cPopulation density was measured around one mile from participant’s residence
  5. P-values
  6. *p < 0.05
  7. **p < 0.01
  8. ***p < 0.001