| |
Neighborhood Violence
|
Neighborhood Problems
|
Neighborhood Social Cohesion
|
|---|
|
B (SE)
|
95% C.I.
|
B (SE)
|
95% C.I.
|
B (SE)
|
95% C.I.
|
|---|
|
Intercept
|
7.69 (2.06)***
|
3.61, 11.78
|
7.71 (1.86)***
|
4.02, 11.41
|
17.78 (4.19)***
|
9.49, 26.07
|
|
Neighborhood Social Environmenta
|
3.59 (1.34)**
|
0.93, 6.26
|
3.06 (0.94)**
|
1.19, 4.93
|
−1.96 (1.30)
|
−4.53, 0.61
|
|
Individual Characteristics
|
|
Age (years)
|
0.00 (0.01)
|
−0.02, 0.03
|
0.00 (0.01)
|
−0.03, 0.03
|
0.01 (0.01)
|
−0.02, 0.03
|
|
Sex
|
|
Female
|
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
|
Male
|
−1.13 (0.31)***
|
−1.74, −0.51
|
− 1.13 (0.31)***
|
− 1.74, − 0.51
|
−1.11 (0.31)***
|
− 1.72, − 0.49
|
|
High School Graduate
|
|
No
|
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
|
Yes
|
−1.98 (0.47)***
|
−2.93, − 1.02
|
−1.97 (0.47)***
|
− 2.92, − 1.02
|
−2.02 (0.48)***
|
− 2.97, − 1.07
|
|
Income
|
|
≥ $50,000
|
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
|
< $50,000
|
1.77 (0.33)***
|
1.11, 2.43
|
1.72 (0.33)***
|
1.06, 2.38
|
1.83 (0.33)***
|
1.17, 2.48
|
|
Not reported
|
1.06 (0.46)*
|
0.14, 1.98
|
1.05 (0.46)*
|
0.13, 1.97
|
1.11 (0.46)*
|
0.19, 2.03
|
|
Health-Related Factors
|
|
Body Mass Index, M (±SD)
|
0.01 (0.02)
|
−0.03, 0.05
|
0.01 (0.02)
|
−0.02, 0.05
|
0.01 (0.02)
|
−0.02, 0.05
|
|
Total Physical Activity
|
−0.23 (0.07)**
|
− 0.38, − 0.09
|
−0.23 (0.07)**
|
− 0.38, − 0.09
|
−0.24 (0.07)**
|
− 0.39, − 0.10
|
|
Current smoker
|
|
No
|
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
|
Yes
|
0.89 (0.45)
|
−0.01, 1.80
|
0.89 (0.45)
|
−0.01, 1.79
|
0.92 (0.45)*
|
0.02, 1.82
|
|
Alcohol consumption
|
|
No
|
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
|
Yes
|
0.19 (0.30)
|
−0.40, 0.77
|
0.19 (0.30)
|
−0.39, 0.78
|
0.16 (0.30)
|
−0.42, 0.75
|
|
Disabled from walking
|
|
No
|
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
|
Yes
|
1.46 (0.70)*
|
0.03, 2.88
|
1.44 (0.70)*
|
0.02, 2.86
|
1.44 (0.70)*
|
0.01, 2.86
|
|
History of Medical Condition
|
|
No
|
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
Ref.
| |
|
Yes
|
0.93 (0.31)**
|
0.32, 1.54
|
0.94 (0.31)**
|
0.32, 1.55
|
0.94 (0.31)**
|
0.32, 1.55
|
|
Psychosocial Factorsb
|
|
Lifetime discrimination
|
−0.47 (0.18)**
|
− 0.83, − 0.11
|
− 0.46 (0.18)*
|
− 0.82, − 0.11
|
− 0.49 (0.18)**
|
− 0.85, − 0.14
|
|
Daily discrimination
|
0.72 (0.16)***
|
0.40, 1.04
|
0.71 (0.16)***
|
0.39, 1.03
|
0.72 (0.16)***
|
0.40, 1.04
|
|
Burden of lifetime discrimination
|
0.79 (0.16)***
|
0.47, 1.12
|
0.80 (0.16)***
|
0.47, 1.12
|
0.80 (0.17)***
|
0.48, 1.12
|
|
Chronic stress
|
1.32 (0.16)***
|
1.00, 1.64
|
1.32 (0.16)***
|
1.00, 1.63
|
1.33 (0.16)***
|
1.01, 1.66
|
|
Weekly stress
|
2.91 (0.15)***
|
2.61, 3.21
|
2.90 (0.15)***
|
2.60, 3.21
|
2.91 (0.15)***
|
2.61, 3.21
|
|
Built Environmentc
|
|
Population density (1000 people/km2)
|
−0.15 (0.33)
|
− 0.81, 0.50
|
− 0.35 (0.35)
|
− 1.04, 0.34
|
0.06 (0.32)
|
− 0.57, 0.69
|
- Note
- aEach perceived social environment variable was based on unconditional empirical Bayes estimation adjusting for age and sex
- bBased on scale sores which were standardized by computing z scores with mean zero and one standard deviation
- cPopulation density was measured around one mile from participant’s residence
- P-values
- *p < 0.05
- **p < 0.01
- ***p < 0.001
