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Table 2 Results of Cox proportional hazards analyses investigating the association between self-report daily TV viewing time and cancer incidence

From: The association between recreational screen time and cancer risk: findings from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort study

  

1 h increase in TV viewing time

p-value

≤1 h

1- ≤ 3 h (reference)

3- ≤ 5 h

> 5 h

Person-years

 

3,526,324

 

736,537

1,781,542

818,674

189,571

Skin, melanoma

Cases

1635

 

315

831

404

85

HR (95% CI)*

0.98 (0.95 1.01)

0.24**

0.99 (0.87 1.12)

1.00

0.96 (0.85 1.08)

0.84 (0.67 1.06)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.97 1.04)

0.74

0.99 (0.87 1.13)

1.00

1.004 (0.89 1.14)

1.01 (0.80 1.29)

 

HR (95% CI)a

1.004 (0.97 1.04)

0.84

1.01 (0.88 1.15)

1.00

1.001 (0.88 1.13)

1.02 (0.81 1.30)

Oropharyngeal

Cases

557

 

86

263

148

60

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.12 (1.08 1.17)

< 0.001

0.83 (0.65 1.06)

1.00

1.17 (0.96 1.43)

1.99 (1.50 2.63)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.06 (1.02 1.11)

0.009

0.83 (0.64 1.07)

1.00

1.07 (0.87 1.32)

1.48 (1.09 2.01)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.06 (1.02 1.11)

0.009

0.83 (0.64 1.07)

1.00

1.07 (0.87 1.32)

1.48 (1.09 2.01)

Lung

Cases

2076

 

236

901

656

283

HR (95% CI)*

1.17 (1.14 1.19)

< 0.001**

0.74 (0.64 0.86)

1.00

1.29 (1.17 1.43)

2.28 (1.99 2.61)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.995 1.04)

0.12**

0.87 (0.75 1.01)

1.00

0.98 (0.88 1.09)

1.09 (0.93 1.26)

 

HR (95% CI)h

1.02 (0.997 1.05)

0.09**

0.85 (0.73 0.997)

1.00

0.98 (0.88 1.09)

1.09 (0.94 1.27)

Breast (female only)

Cases

5702

 

1097

2903

1386

316

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.99 1.02)

0.43

0.93 (0.87 1.002)

1.00

0.97 (0.91 1.03)

1.003 (0.89 1.13)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.003 (0.98 1.02)

0.77**

0.94 (0.88 1.01)

1.00

0.96 (0.90 1.03)

0.99 (0.87 1.12)

 

HR (95% CI)b, h

1.01 (0.99 1.03)

0.59**

0.92 (0.85 0.996)

1.00

0.95 (0.88 1.02)

1.01 (0.87 1.16)

Uterus

Cases

872

 

151

411

264

46

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.04 (0.999 1.08)

0.053

0.97 (0.81 1.17)

1.00

1.21 (1.03 1.41)

0.95 (0.70 1.28)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.97 (0.93 1.02)

0.21

1.05 (0.86 1.27)

1.00

1.05 (0.89 1.24)

0.63 (0.44 0.88)

 

HR (95% CI)c

0.97 (0.93 1.02)

0.24

1.03 (0.84 1.27)

1.00

1.04 (0.87 1.24)

0.61 (0.42 0.88)

Ovary

Cases

578

 

105

287

155

31

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.002 (0.95 1.05)

0.93

0.95 (0.76 1.19)

1.00

1.02 (0.84 1.24)

0.91 (0.63 1.32)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.96 1.08)

0.53

0.90 (0.71 1.15)

1.00

1.04 (0.84 1.27)

0.93 (0.63 1.38)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.02 (0.96 1.08)

0.53

0.90 (0.71 1.15)

1.00

1.04 (0.84 1.27)

0.93 (0.63 1.38)

Prostate

Cases

5979

 

1116

2957

1562

344

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.96 (0.95 0.98)

< 0.001**

1.08 (1.01 1.15)

1.00

0.96 (0.90 1.02)

0.81 (0.73 0.91)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.99 (0.97 1.004)

0.12**

1.05 (0.98 1.13)

1.00

1.01 (0.94 1.07)

0.94 (0.83 1.06)

 

HR (95% CI)h

0.99 (0.97 1.01)

0.17**

1.04 (0.97 1.12)

1.00

1.01 (0.95 1.08)

0.95 (0.84 1.07)

Oesophagus

Cases

541

 

70

246

176

49

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.10 (1.05 1.15)

< 0.001

0.80 (0.61 1.04)

1.00

1.30 (1.07 1.58)

1.44 (1.06 1.96)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.03 (0.98 1.08)

0.31**

0.85 (0.64 1.13)

1.00

1.09 (0.89 1.34)

1.02 (0.73 1.42)

 

HR (95% CI)f

1.02 (0.97 1.08)

0.34**

0.86 (0.65 1.14)

1.00

1.09 (0.88 1.34)

1.02 (0.73 1.42)

Stomach

Cases

356

 

36

164

121

35

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.14 (1.08 1.20)

< 0.001

0.61 (0.43 0.88)

1.00

1.34 (1.06 1.70)

1.55 (1.08 2.24)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.06 (1.001 1.13)

0.045

0.66 (0.45 0.97)

1.00

1.12 (0.87 1.44)

1.03 (0.69 1.53)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.06 (1.001 1.13)

0.045

0.66 (0.45 0.97)

1.00

1.12 (0.87 1.44)

1.03 (0.69 1.53)

Oesophagus and stomach

Cases

891

 

105

405

297

84

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.12 (1.08 1.15)

< 0.001

0.73 (0.59 0.90)

1.00

1.33 (1.15 1.55)

1.50 (1.19 1.90)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.04 (1.005 1.09)

0.03

0.78 (0.62 0.98)

1.00

1.12 (0.95 1.31)

1.04 (0.81 1.34)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.04 (1.005 1.09)

0.03

0.78 (0.62 0.98)

1.00

1.12 (0.95 1.31)

1.04 (0.81 1.34)

Hepatobiliary tract

Cases

456

 

74

203

130

49

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.08 (1.03 1.14)

0.002

1.02 (0.78 1.33)

1.00

1.15 (0.93 1.44)

1.77 (1.30 2.43)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.96 1.07)

0.62

1.08 (0.82 1.43)

1.00

0.98 (0.78 1.24)

1.26 (0.90 1.77)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.01 (0.96 1.07)

0.62

1.08 (0.82 1.43)

1.00

0.98 (0.78 1.24)

1.26 (0.90 1.77)

Pancreatic

Cases

615

 

97

283

187

48

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.07 (1.02 1.11)

0.004

0.96 (0.76 1.21)

1.00

1.19 (0.99 1.43)

1.25 (0.92 1.70)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.04 (0.99 1.09)

0.15

0.99 (0.78 1.27)

1.00

1.12 (0.92 1.36)

1.07 (0.77 1.49)

 

HR (95% CI)d

1.03 (0.98 1.08)

0.20

0.996 (0.78 1.27)

1.00

1.11 (0.92 1.36)

1.03 (0.74 1.44)

Kidney

Cases

779

 

113

390

206

70

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.06 (1.02 1.10)

0.007

0.79 (0.64 0.98)

1.00

0.99 (0.83 1.17)

1.37 (1.06 1.76)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.996 (0.95 1.04)

0.86**

0.92 (0.74 1.14)

1.00

0.88 (0.74 1.05)

1.08 (0.82 1.42)

 

HR (95% CI)

0.996 (0.95 1.04)

0.86**

0.92 (0.74 1.14)

1.00

0.88 (0.74 1.05)

1.08 (0.82 1.42)

Bladder

Cases

677

 

92

295

221

69

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.10 (1.05 1.14)

< 0.001

0.90 (0.71 1.14)

1.00

1.32 (1.10 1.57)

1.62 (1.25 2.11)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.04 (0.99 1.09)

0.13**

1.04 (0.81 1.32)

1.00

1.21 (1.002 1.45)

1.29 (0.97 1.73)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.04 (0.99 1.09)

0.13**

1.04 (0.81 1.32)

1.00

1.21 (1.002 1.45)

1.29 (0.97 1.73)

Colorectal

Cases

3358

 

538

1643

936

241

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.03 (1.01 1.05)

0.001**

0.90 (0.82 0.99)

1.00

1.05 (0.97 1.14)

1.11 (0.97 1.28)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.999 1.04)

0.07**

0.93 (0.84 1.03)

1.00

1.03 (0.94 1.12)

1.05 (0.90 1.22)

 

HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)

1.02 (0.995 1.04)

0.13**

0.93 (0.83 1.03)

1.00

1.02 (0.93 1.11)

1.03 (0.88 1.20)

Colon

Cases

2155

 

329

1041

614

171

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.05 (1.02 1.08)

< 0.001**

0.87 (0.77 0.99)

1.00

1.08 (0.98 1.19)

1.24 (1.05 1.45)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.04 (1.01 1.07)

0.007**

0.92 (0.81 1.05)

1.00

1.05 (0.94 1.17)

1.19 (1.003 1.42)

 

HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)

1.04 (1.01 1.06)

0.02**

0.93 (0.81 1.06)

1.00

1.05 (0.94 1.16)

1.17 (0.98 1.41)

Rectum

Cases

1127

 

196

556

307

68

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.98 1.05)

0.53**

0.96 (0.81 1.13)

1.00

1.04 (0.90 1.20)

0.94 (0.73121)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.996 (0.96 1.04)

0.84**

0.98 (0.82 1.16)

1.00

1.04 (0.89 1.20)

0.84 (0.63 1.11)

 

HR (95% CI)e, g

0.99 (0.95 1.03)

0.67

0.96 (0.81 1.14)

1.00

1.01 (0.87 1.18)

0.82 (0.62 1.10)

Brain tumours

Cases

463

 

82

237

114

30

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.03 (0.98 1.08)

0.29

0.92 (0.72 1.19)

1.00

0.93 (0.74 1.16)

1.003 (0.69 1.47)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.04 (0.98 1.10)

0.20

0.87 (0.66 1.13)

1.00

0.92 (0.73 1.17)

0.96 (0.63 1.46)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.04 (0.98 1.10)

0.20

0.87 (0.66 1.13)

1.00

0.92 (0.73 1.17)

0.96 (0.63 1.46)

Thyroid

Cases

242

 

48

124

57

13

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.99 (0.91 1.07)

0.75

0.95 (0.68 1.32)

1.00

0.97 (0.70 1.33)

0.97 (0.55 1.73)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.001 (0.92 1.09)

0.98

0.92 (0.65 1.30)

1.00

0.93 (0.66 1.32)

1.14 (0.63 2.06)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.001 (0.92 1.09)

0.98

0.92 (0.65 1.30)

1.00

0.93 (0.66 1.32)

1.14 (0.63 2.06)

Haematological malignancies

Cases

2468

 

438

1208

652

170

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.98 1.03)

0.52

0.995 (0.89 1.11)

1.00

0.99 (0.90 1.09)

1.06 (0.91 1.25)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.002 (0.98 1.03)

0.89

0.97 (0.87 1.09)

1.00

0.97 (0.88 1.08)

0.97 (0.82 1.16)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.002 (0.98 1.03)

0.89

0.97 (0.87 1.09)

1.00

0.97 (0.88 1.08)

0.97 (0.82 1.16)

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Cases

1193

 

197

586

337

73

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.98 1.05)

0.44

0.92 (0.78 1.08)

1.00

1.06 (0.93 1.21)

0.95 (0.74 1.21)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.98 1.05)

0.48

0.89 (0.75 1.05)

1.00

1.08 (0.93 1.24)

0.85 (0.65 1.11)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.01 (0.98 1.05)

0.48

0.89 (0.75 1.05)

1.00

1.08 (0.93 1.24)

0.85 (0.65 1.11)

  1. *Models adjusted for age and sex (total observations = 470,578)
  2. †Models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (white/other), deprivation index (quintiles), education (University degree, A-levels/HNC/HND/NVQ, GCSE/O-level/CSE, OTHER, None), fruit and vegetable intake (< 5 portions/day, ≥5 portions/day), BMI (kg/m2), height (m), smoking status (never, former light smoker [< 20 pack-years], former heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years], current light smoker [< 20 pack-years], current heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years]) and alcohol intake (never, former, current [<once/week], current [≥once/week])
  3. aAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include use of sun/UV protection (Never/rarely/sometimes; most of the time/always; do not go out in sunshine)
  4. bAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [< 12 years], menarche at 12–14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (< 40 years, 40–44 years, 45–49 years, 50–54 years, 55–59 years, 60–64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure)
  5. cAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [< 12 years], menarche at 12–14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (< 40 years, 40–44 years, 45–49 years, 50–54 years, 55–59 years, 60–64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure)
  6. dAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no)
  7. eAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no), aspirin use (regular use/non-regular use or no use), HRT use (ever used/never used; females only), red meat intake (portion/week), processed meat intake (portion/week)
  8. fFinal model also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (> 94 cm in men, > 80 cm in women)
  9. f(males)For cancer sites which were adjusted for different sets of covariates for males and females (colorectal, colon, rectum), this indicates that the final model for male participants was also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (> 94 cm in men)
  10. gResults for males and females combined using meta-analysis as covariates are different
  11. hFinal model also adjusted for family history of cancer (mother/father/sibling had cancer, no family history)
  12. **Schoenfeld test indicated potential violation of the proportional hazards assumption (p < 0.05)
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International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

ISSN: 1479-5868

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