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Table 5 Results of Cox proportional hazards analyses investigating the association between self-report daily computer use time and cancer incidence

From: The association between recreational screen time and cancer risk: findings from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort study

  

1 h increase in computer use time

p-value

None

≤1 h (reference)

1- ≤ 3 h

> 3 h

Person-years

 

3,498,487

 

969,721

1,744,785

582,168

201,813

Skin, melanoma

Cases

1621

 

404

852

276

89

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.98 1.05)

0.43**

0.77 (0.68 0.86)

1.00

0.90 (0.79 1.04)

0.92 (0.74 1.14)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.97 1.05)

0.72

0.90 (0.79 1.02)

1.00

0.97 (0.85 1.12)

0.99 (0.79 1.24)

 

HR (95% CI)a

1.01 (0.97 1.05)

0.73

0.91 (0.80 1.03)

1.00

0.98 (0.85 1.12)

0.996 (0.79 1.25)

Oropharyngeal

Cases

561

 

209

239

88

25

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.90 (0.84 0.97)

0.004

1.56 (1.29 1.88)

1.00

0.97 (0.76 1.23)

0.81 (0.54 1.23)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.93 (0.87 0.998)

0.04

1.27 (1.03 1.56)

1.00

0.91 (0.71 1.17)

0.77 (0.51 1.17)

 

HR (95% CI)

0.93 (0.87 0.998)

0.04

1.27 (1.03 1.56)

1.00

0.91 (0.71 1.17)

0.77 (0.51 1.17)

Lung

Cases

2040

 

894

700

316

130

HR (95% CI)*

0.97 (0.93 1.003)

0.08**

1.84 (1.66 2.03)

1.00

1.17 (1.03 1.34)

1.68 (1.39 2.03)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.99 1.06)

0.16**

1.10 (0.99 1.23)

1.00

1.01 (0.88 1.16)

1.33 (1.10 1.62)

 

HR (95% CI)h

1.02 (0.99 1.06)

0.16**

1.11 (0.99 1.24)

1.00

0.996 (0.87 1.15)

1.36 (1.12 1.65)

Breast (female only)

Cases

5650

 

1728

2931

762

229

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.99 1.03)

0.27**

0.93 (0.88 0.99)

1.00

1.02 (0.94 1.10)

0.997 (0.87 1.14)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.003 (0.98 1.03)

0.83**

0.97 (0.91 1.04)

1.00

0.999 (0.92 1.08)

1.001 (0.87 1.15)

 

HR (95% CI)b, f, h

1.01 (0.98 1.03)

0.57**

0.96 (0.90 1.04)

1.00

0.998 (0.91 1.09)

1.03 (0.89 1.20)

Uterus

Cases

863

 

315

389

127

32

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.95 1.07)

0.74

1.18 (1.02 1.38)

1.00

1.25 (1.03 1.53)

1.12 (0.78 1.60)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.96 (0.90 1.02)

0.20

1.18 (0.999 1.39)

1.00

1.04 (0.84 1.28)

0.91 (0.63 1.33)

 

HR (95% CI)c

0.98 (0.92 1.04)

0.47

1.16 (0.98 1.37)

1.00

1.08 (0.87 1.35)

0.95 (0.64 1.40)

Ovary

Cases

567

 

211

266

63

27

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.98 (0.91 1.05)

0.51

1.16 (0.96 1.39)

1.00

0.91 (0.69 1.19)

1.36 (0.91 2.02)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.96 (0.89 1.04)

0.36

1.23 (1.01 1.50)

1.00

0.91 (0.69 1.21)

1.36 (0.91 2.04)

 

HR (95% CI)

0.96 (0.89 1.04)

0.36

1.23 (1.01 1.50)

1.00

0.91 (0.69 1.21)

1.36 (0.91 2.04)

Prostate

Cases

5933

 

1543

2699

1298

393

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.005 (0.99 1.02)

0.61**

0.91 (0.85 0.97)

1.00

0.97 (0.91 1.03)

0.97 (0.87 1.07)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.998 (0.98 1.02)

0.85**

0.98 (0.92 1.06)

1.00

0.99 (0.93 1.06)

0.9998 (0.90 1.12)

 

HR (95% CI)h

0.997 (0.98 1.02)

0.73**

0.99 (0.92 1.06)

1.00

0.99 (0.93 1.06)

0.99 (0.89 1.11)

Oesophagus

Cases

530

 

174

221

108

27

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.97 (0.90 1.03)

0.32

1.20 (0.98 1.47)

1.00

1.13 (0.90 1.42)

0.94 (0.63 1.41)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.97 (0.90 1.04)

0.37

0.99 (0.79 1.23)

1.00

1.02 (0.81 1.30)

0.78 (0.51 1.19)

 

HR (95% CI)f

0.97 (0.90 1.04)

0.35

0.99 (0.79 1.23)

1.00

1.02 (0.80 1.30)

0.77 (0.51 1.18)

Stomach

Cases

349

 

133

133

61

22

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.98 (0.90 1.06)

0.60

1.50 (1.18 1.92)

1.00

1.09 (0.80 1.47)

1.30 (0.83 2.05)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.98 (0.91 1.07)

0.71

1.16 (0.88 1.51)

1.00

0.98 (0.72 1.35)

1.04 (0.64 1.69)

 

HR (95% CI)

0.98 (0.91 1.07)

0.71

1.16 (0.88 1.51)

1.00

0.98 (0.72 1.35)

1.04 (0.64 1.69)

Oesophagus and stomach

Cases

873

 

305

352

168

48

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.97 (0.92 1.02)

0.25

1.31 (1.12 1.53)

1.00

1.11 (0.93 1.34)

1.06 (0.79 1.44)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.97 (0.92 1.03)

0.33

1.05 (0.89 1.25)

1.00

1.01 (0.83 1.22)

0.86 (0.62 1.19)

 

HR (95% CI)f

0.97 (0.92 1.03)

0.32

1.05 (0.89 1.25)

1.00

1.01 (0.83 1.22)

0.86 (0.62 1.19)

Hepatobiliary tract

Cases

451

 

170

168

91

22

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.97 (0.90 1.04)

0.42

1.49 (1.20 1.85)

1.00

1.38 (1.07 1.79)

1.14 (0.73 1.77)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.99 (0.92 1.06)

0.74

1.21 (0.95 1.53)

1.00

1.30 (0.997 1.69)

1.02 (0.65 1.61)

 

HR (95% CI)

0.99 (0.92 1.06)

0.74

1.21 (0.95 1.53)

1.00

1.30 (0.997 1.69)

1.02 (0.65 1.61)

Pancreatic

Cases

606

 

189

276

114

27

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.98 (0.92 1.05)

0.62

1.01 (0.83 1.21)

1.00

1.07 (0.86 1.34)

0.87 (0.59 1.29)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.98 (0.92 1.05)

0.62

0.90 (0.73 1.11)

1.00

1.05 (0.84 1.31)

0.76 (0.50 1.15)

 

HR (95% CI)d

0.98 (0.92 1.05)

0.61

0.90 (0.73 1.10)

1.00

1.05 (0.84 1.31)

0.76 (0.50 1.14)

Kidney

Cases

783

 

251

333

149

50

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.96 1.07)

0.60

1.17 (0.995 1.39)

1.00

1.12 (0.92 1.36)

1.23 (0.91 1.66)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.97 1.08)

0.39**

1.04 (0.87 1.25)

1.00

1.05 (0.86 1.29)

1.19 (0.88 1.61)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.02 (0.97 1.08)

0.39**

1.04 (0.87 1.25)

1.00

1.05 (0.86 1.29)

1.19 (0.88 1.61)

Bladder

Cases

670

 

227

271

142

30

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.98 (0.93 1.04)

0.54

1.22 (1.02 1.46)

1.00

1.18 (0.96 1.44)

0.85 (0.59 1.25)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.97 (0.92 1.04)

0.41**

1.09 (0.89 1.32)

1.00

1.08 (0.87 1.33)

0.76 (0.51 1.13)

 

HR (95% CI)

0.97 (0.92 1.04)

0.41**

1.09 (0.89 1.32)

1.00

1.08 (0.87 1.33)

0.76 (0.51 1.13)

Colorectal

Cases

3312

 

1059

1512

556

185

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.99 (0.96 1.02)

0.45**

1.07 (0.99 1.16)

1.00

0.95 (0.87 1.05)

1.05 (0.90 1.23)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.99 (0.96 1.01)

0.31**

1.08 (0.99 1.18)

1.00

0.95 (0.86 1.05)

1.03 (0.88 1.21)

 

HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)

0.98 (0.96 1.01)

0.28**

1.06 (0.97 1.16)

1.00

0.95 (0.86 1.05)

1.02 (0.87 1.20)

Colon

Cases

2124

 

681

980

348

115

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.99 (0.96 1.03)

0.63**

1.04 (0.94 1.15)

1.00

0.94 (0.83 1.06)

1.04 (0.86 1.26)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.99 (0.95 1.02)

0.50**

1.04 (0.93 1.15)

1.00

0.93 (0.82 1.06)

1.02 (0.83 1.24)

 

HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)

0.99 (0.95 1.02)

0.42**

1.03 (0.92 1.14)

1.00

0.93 (0.82 1.06)

1.02 (0.83 1.25)

Rectum

Cases

1115

 

354

501

195

65

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.98 (0.94 1.03)

0.42**

1.12 (0.98 1.29)

1.00

0.97 (0.82 1.14)

1.04 (0.80 1.35)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.97 (0.93 1.02)

0.28

1.20 (1.03 1.39)

1.00

0.97 (0.82 1.15)

1.03 (0.79 1.35)

 

HR (95% CI)e, g

0.97 (0.93 1.02)

0.28

1.16 (0.999 1.36)

1.00

0.96 (0.81 1.15)

0.999 (0.76 1.32)

Thyroid

Cases

237

 

82

106

35

14

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.02 (0.92 1.12)

0.76

1.31 (0.98 1.76)

1.00

1.10 (0.75 1.61)

1.32 (0.76 2.31)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.91 1.11)

0.86

1.36 (0.99 1.87)

1.00

1.08 (0.73 1.59)

1.28 (0.73 2.25)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.01 (0.91 1.11)

0.86

1.36 (0.99 1.87)

1.00

1.08 (0.73 1.59)

1.28 (0.73 2.25)

Brain tumours

Cases

463

 

130

221

87

25

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.02 (0.95 1.09)

0.62

0.95 (0.77 1.19)

1.00

1.02 (0.79 1.31)

0.93 (0.61 1.40)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.03 (0.96 1.10)

0.39

0.92 (0.72 1.17)

1.00

1.03 (0.80 1.34)

0.96 (0.63 1.47)

 

HR (95% CI)f

1.03 (0.96 1.10)

0.38

0.92 (0.72 1.17)

1.00

1.04 (0.80 1.34)

0.97 (0.63 1.48)

Haematological malignancies

Cases

2446

 

714

1137

445

150

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.03 (0.998 1.06)

0.06

0.95 (0.87 1.05)

1.00

1.02 (0.92 1.14)

1.14 (0.96 1.36)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.99 1.05)

0.24

0.95 (0.86 1.06)

1.00

0.997 (0.89 1.12)

1.11 (0.93 1.32)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.02 (0.99 1.05)

0.24

0.95 (0.86 1.06)

1.00

0.997 (0.89 1.12)

1.11 (0.93 1.32)

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Cases

1182

 

349

545

225

63

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.02 (0.98 1.06)

0.37

0.97 (0.85 1.11)

1.00

1.09 (0.94 1.28)

1.02 (0.78 1.32)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.97 1.06)

0.65

0.996 (0.86 1.15)

1.00

1.07 (0.91 1.26)

1.03 (0.79 1.34)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.01 (0.97 1.06)

0.65

0.996 (0.86 1.15)

1.00

1.07 (0.91 1.26)

1.03 (0.79 1.34)

  1. *Models adjusted for age and sex (total observations = 467,656)
  2. †Models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (white/other), deprivation index (quintiles), education (University degree, A-levels/HNC/HND/NVQ, GCSE/O-level/CSE, OTHER, None), fruit and vegetable intake (< 5 portions/day, ≥5 portions/day), BMI (kg/m2), height (m), smoking status (never, former light smoker [< 20 pack-years], former heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years], current light smoker [< 20 pack-years], current heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years]) and alcohol intake (never, former, current [<once/week], current [≥once/week])
  3. aAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include use of sun/UV protection (Never/rarely/sometimes; most of the time/always; do not go out in sunshine)
  4. bAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [< 12 years], menarche at 12–14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (< 40 years, 40–44 years, 45–49 years, 50–54 years, 55–59 years, 60–64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure)
  5. cAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [< 12 years], menarche at 12–14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (< 40 years, 40–44 years, 45–49 years, 50–54 years, 55–59 years, 60–64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure)
  6. dAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no)
  7. eAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no), aspirin use (regular use/non-regular use or no use), HRT use (ever used/never used; females only), red meat intake (portion/week), processed meat intake (portion/week)
  8. fFinal model also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (> 94 cm in men, > 80 cm in women)
  9. f(males)For cancer sites which were adjusted for different sets of covariates for males and females (colorectal, colon, rectum), this indicates that the final model for male participants was also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (> 94 cm in men)
  10. gResults for males and females combined using meta-analysis as covariates are different
  11. hFinal model also adjusted for family history of cancer (mother/father/sibling had cancer, no family history)
  12. **Schoenfeld test indicated potential violation of the proportional hazards assumption (p < 0.05)