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Table 6 Results of Cox proportional hazards analyses investigating the association between self-report daily total screen time and cancer incidence

From: The association between recreational screen time and cancer risk: findings from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort study

  

1 h increase in total screen time

p-value

≤1 h

1- ≤ 4 h (reference)

4- ≤ 8 h

> 8 h

Person-years

 

3,474,425

 

254,147

2,111,765

997,699

110,815

Skin, melanoma

Cases

1614

 

101

960

504

49

HR (95% CI)*

0.99 (0.97 1.02)

0.64**

0.93 (0.76 1.14)

1.00

1.02 (0.91 1.13)

0.98 (0.73 1.30)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.98 1.03)

0.62

0.97 (0.78 1.19)

1.00

1.07 (0.96 1.20)

1.06 (0.78 1.44)

 

HR (95% CI)a

1.01 (0.98 1.03)

0.70

0.99 (0.80 1.22)

1.00

1.07 (0.95 1.19)

1.07 (0.79 1.45)

Oropharyngeal

Cases

552

 

24

312

191

25

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.05 (1.01 1.09)

0.009

0.69 (0.46 1.05)

1.00

1.18 (0.99 1.42)

1.39 (0.92 2.09)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.98 1.06)

0.41

0.69 (0.45 1.04)

1.00

1.10 (0.91 1.32)

1.09 (0.71 1.67)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.02 (0.98 1.06)

0.41

0.69 (0.45 1.04)

1.00

1.10 (0.91 1.32)

1.09 (0.71 1.67)

Lung

Cases

2014

 

119

995

774

126

HR (95% CI)*

1.11 (1.09 1.13)

< 0.001**

1.13 (0.93 1.37)

1.00

1.37 (1.25 1.50)

2.49 (2.07 3.00)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (1.003 1.04)

0.03**

1.13 (0.92 1.38)

1.00

1.05 (0.95 1.16)

1.42 (1.16 1.72)

 

HR (95% CI)h

1.03 (1.004 1.05)

0.02**

1.12 (0.91 1.37)

1.00

1.05 (0.95 1.16)

1.45 (1.19 1.77)

Breast (female only)

Cases

5609

 

418

3526

1522

143

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.996 1.02)

0.16**

0.91 (0.82 1.004)

1.00

0.97 (0.92 1.04)

1.08 (0.91 1.27)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.003 (0.99 1.02)

0.64**

0.94 (0.85 1.04)

1.00

0.95 (0.90 1.02)

1.08 (0.91 1.29)

 

HR (95% CI)b, h

1.01 (0.99 1.02)

0.37**

0.93 (0.83 1.04)

1.00

0.97 (0.90 1.04)

1.11 (0.92 1.34)

Uterus

Cases

856

 

70

504

264

18

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.03 (0.99 1.06)

0.14

1.11 (0.87 1.43)

1.00

1.12 (0.96 1.30)

0.99 (0.62 1.58)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.97 (0.93 1.004)

0.08

1.15 (0.88 1.50)

1.00

0.93 (0.80 1.09)

0.57 (0.33 0.97)

 

HR (95% CI)c

0.97 (0.94 1.01)

0.17

1.16 (0.89 1.53)

1.00

0.93 (0.79 1.09)

0.66 (0.38 1.12)

Ovary

Cases

561

 

44

354

149

14

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.99 (0.95 1.04)

0.75

0.99 (0.72 1.35)

1.00

0.90 (0.74 1.09)

1.08 (0.63 1.85)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.997 (0.95 1.04)

0.91

0.98 (0.71 1.35)

1.00

0.90 (0.74 1.11)

1.14 (0.66 1.95)

 

HR (95% CI)

0.997 (0.95 1.04)

0.91

0.98 (0.71 1.35)

1.00

0.90 (0.74 1.11)

1.14 (0.66 1.95)

Prostate

Cases

5898

 

335

3340

2032

191

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.98 (0.97 0.99)

< 0.001**

1.07 (0.95 1.19)

1.00

0.96 (0.91 1.01)

0.86 (0.74 0.99)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.99 (0.98 1.004)

0.16**

1.06 (0.94 1.19)

1.00

1.01 (0.95 1.07)

0.94 (0.81 1.10)

 

HR (95% CI)h

0.99 (0.98 1.005)

0.21**

1.05 (0.93 1.18)

1.00

1.01 (0.95 1.07)

0.94 (0.81 1.10)

Oesophagus

Cases

528

 

28

272

216

12

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.05 (1.02 1.10)

0.006

1.02 (0.69 1.50)

1.00

1.34 (1.12 1.60)

0.75 (0.42 1.34)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.003 (0.96 1.05)

0.89

1.13 (0.77 1.68)

1.00

1.13 (0.94 1.36)

0.54 (0.29 0.99)

 

HR (95% CI)f

1.001 (0.96 1.04)

0.95

1.15 (0.77 1.69)

1.00

1.12 (0.93 1.36)

0.54 (0.29 0.99)

Stomach

Cases

348

 

14

177

141

16

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.08 (1.04 1.13)

< 0.001

0.77 (0.45 1.33)

1.00

1.37 (1.09 1.71)

1.58 (0.95 2.63)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.03 (0.98 1.08)

0.19

0.75 (0.43 1.32)

1.00

1.12 (0.89 1.42)

1.07 (0.61 1.85)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.03 (0.98 1.08)

0.19

0.75 (0.43 1.32)

1.00

1.12 (0.89 1.42)

1.07 (0.61 1.85)

Oesophagus and stomach

Cases

870

 

42

444

356

28

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.07 (1.04 1.10)

< 0.001

0.93 (0.68 1.28)

1.00

1.36 (1.18 1.57)

1.09 (0.74 1.59)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.98 1.05)

0.31

0.99 (0.72 1.36)

1.00

1.14 (0.98 1.32)

0.76 (0.50 1.14)

 

HR (95% CI)f

1.02 (0.98 1.05)

0.34

0.99 (0.72 1.37)

1.00

1.13 (0.98 1.31)

0.76 (0.50 1.14)

Hepatobiliary tract

Cases

446

 

22

249

156

19

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.05 (1.01 1.10)

0.02

0.84 (0.54 1.29)

1.00

1.11 (0.90 1.35)

1.45 (0.91 2.31)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.96 1.05)

0.73

0.82 (0.52 1.30)

1.00

0.95 (0.77 1.18)

1.05 (0.65 1.72)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.01 (0.96 1.05)

0.73

0.82 (0.52 1.30)

1.00

0.95 (0.77 1.18)

1.05 (0.65 1.72)

Pancreatic

Cases

604

 

30

333

220

21

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.04 (1.004 1.08)

0.03

0.85 (0.58 1.23)

1.00

1.17 (0.99 1.39)

1.22 (0.78 1.89)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.98 1.06)

0.37

0.86 (0.58 1.26)

1.00

1.10 (0.92 1.31)

1.01 (0.64 1.60)

 

HR (95% CI)d

1.02 (0.98 1.06)

0.45

0.86 (0.58 1.26)

1.00

1.08 (0.91 1.30)

0.99 (0.63 1.57)

Kidney

Cases

771

 

43

417

279

32

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.04 (1.01. 1.08)

0.01

0.98 (0.71 1.34)

1.00

1.19 (1.02 1.38)

1.38 (0.96 1.98)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.97 1.04)

0.67**

1.03 (0.74 1.44)

1.00

1.07 (0.91 1.25)

1.14 (0.79 1.66)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.01 (0.97 1.04)

0.67**

1.03 (0.74 1.44)

1.00

1.07 (0.91 1.25)

1.14 (0.79 1.66)

Bladder

Cases

662

 

24

351

259

28

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.06 (1.02 1.09)

0.001

0.69 (0.46 1.04)

1.00

1.21 (1.03 1.42)

1.36 (0.93 2.00)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.98 1.05)

0.50**

0.76 (0.50 1.16)

1.00

1.10 (0.93 1.30)

0.99 (0.65 1.53)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.01 (0.98 1.05)

0.50**

0.76 (0.50 1.16)

1.00

1.10 (0.93 1.30)

0.99 (0.65 1.53)

Colorectal

Cases

3290

 

180

1896

1096

118

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.02 (1.002 1.04)

0.03**

0.88 (0.76 1.03)

1.00

1.04 (0.97 1.12)

1.16 (0.97 1.40)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.99 1.03)

0.41**

0.92 (0.79 1.08)

1.00

1.003 (0.93 1.08)

1.11 (0.91 1.35)

 

HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)

1.01 (0.99 1.02)

0.58**

0.89 (0.76 1.04)

1.00

0.99 (0.91 1.07)

1.08 (0.88 1.32)

Colon

Cases

2110

 

111

1202

721

76

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.03 (1.01 1.05)

0.003**

0.86 (0.70 1.04)

1.00

1.08 (0.99 1.19)

1.21 (0.96 1.53)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.998 1.04)

0.08**

0.91 (0.75 1.11)

1.00

1.04 (0.95 1.15)

1.16 (0.91 1.48)

 

HR (95% CI)e, g, f (males)

1.02 (0.99 1.04)

0.15**

0.90 (0.73 1.10)

1.00

1.04 (0.94 1.15)

1.12 (0.88 1.44)

Rectum

Cases

1107

 

64

645

358

40

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.998 (0.97 1.03)

0.89**

0.94 (0.73 1.21)

1.00

0.99 (0.87 1.13)

1.10 (0.80 1.51)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.99 (0.96 1.02)

0.38

0.95 (0.73 1.25)

1.00

0.95 (0.83 1.09)

1.04 (0.74 1.46)

 

HR (95% CI)e, g

0.98 (0.95 1.02)

0.31

0.91 (0.69 1.20)

1.00

0.92 (0.80 1.06)

1.01 (0.72 1.43)

Brain tumours

Cases

458

 

28

269

145

16

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.01 (0.97 1.06)

0.50

0.96 (0.65 1.42)

1.00

0.99 (0.81 1.22)

1.07 (0.65 1.77)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.02 (0.98 1.07)

0.31

0.98 (0.66 1.46)

1.00

1.001 (0.81 1.24)

1.13 (0.67 1.91)

 

HR (95% CI)f

1.03 (0.98 1.07)

0.28

0.97 (0.65 1.45)

1.00

1.01 (0.81 1.25)

1.13 (0.67 1.92)

Thyroid

Cases

236

 

15

154

62

5

 

HR (95% CI)*

0.99 (0.93 1.06)

0.86

0.78 (0.46 1.32)

1.00

0.87 (0.65 1.18)

0.71 (0.29 1.72)

 

HR (95% CI)†

0.999 (0.93 1.07)

0.97

0.76 (0.44 1.32)

1.00

0.88 (0.64 1.20)

0.70 (0.28 1.72)

 

HR (95% CI)

0.999 (0.93 1.07)

0.97

0.76 (0.44 1.32)

1.00

0.88 (0.64 1.20)

0.70 (0.28 1.72)

Haematological malignancies

Cases

2427

 

142

1396

806

83

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.02 (0.998 1.04)

0.09

0.95 (0.80 1.12)

1.00

1.04 (0.96 1.14)

1.12 (0.90 1.40)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.99 1.03)

0.43

0.96 (0.80 1.15)

1.00

1.02 (0.93 1.12)

1.07 (0.85 1.34)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.01 (0.99 1.03)

0.43

0.96 (0.80 1.15)

1.00

1.02 (0.93 1.12)

1.07 (0.85 1.34)

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Cases

1174

 

68

675

392

39

 

HR (95% CI)*

1.02 (0.99 1.04)

0.28

0.93 (0.72 1.19)

1.00

1.06 (0.93 1.20)

1.10 (0.80 1.52)

 

HR (95% CI)†

1.01 (0.98 1.04)

0.43

0.93 (0.72 1.20)

1.00

1.08 (0.95 1.23)

1.06 (0.75 1.48)

 

HR (95% CI)

1.01 (0.98 1.04)

0.43

0.93 (0.72 1.20)

1.00

1.08 (0.95 1.23)

1.06 (0.75 1.48)

  1. *Models adjusted for age and sex (total observations = 464,424)
  2. †Models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity (white/other), deprivation index (quintiles), education (University degree, A-levels/HNC/HND/NVQ, GCSE/O-level/CSE, OTHER, None), fruit and vegetable intake (< 5 portions/day, ≥5 portions/day), BMI (kg/m2), height (m), smoking status (never, former light smoker [< 20 pack-years], former heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years], current light smoker [< 20 pack-years], current heavy smoker [≥20 pack-years]) and alcohol intake (never, former, current [<once/week], current [≥once/week])
  3. aAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include use of sun/UV protection (Never/rarely/sometimes; most of the time/always; do not go out in sunshine)
  4. bAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [< 12 years], menarche at 12–14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (< 40 years, 40–44 years, 45–49 years, 50–54 years, 55–59 years, 60–64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure)
  5. cAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include HRT use (ever used/never used), oral contraceptive use (ever used/never used), number of live births (0, 1, 2, 3+ live births), age at menarche (early menarche [< 12 years], menarche at 12–14 years, late menarche [≥15 years]), age at menopause (< 40 years, 40–44 years, 45–49 years, 50–54 years, 55–59 years, 60–64 years, ≥65 years, not had menopause/unsure), hysterectomy status (had hysterectomy, not had hysterectomy/unsure)
  6. dAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no)
  7. eAdditional site-specific covariates in the final model include diabetes at baseline (yes/no), aspirin use (regular use/non-regular use or no use), HRT use (ever used/never used; females only), red meat intake (portion/week), processed meat intake (portion/week)
  8. fFinal model also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (> 94 cm in men, > 80 cm in women)
  9. f(males)For cancer sites which were adjusted for different sets of covariates for males and females (colorectal, colon, rectum), this indicates that the final model for male participants was also adjusted for waist-hip ratio (> 94 cm in men)
  10. gResults for males and females combined using meta-analysis as covariates are different
  11. hFinal model also adjusted for family history of cancer (mother/father/sibling had cancer, no family history)
  12. **Schoenfeld test indicated potential violation of the proportional hazards assumption (p < 0.05)