The effects of nudging and pricing on healthy food purchasing behavior in a virtual supermarket setting: a randomized experiment

Table 4 Effects of nudging and pricing strategies on the percentage of healthy purchases stratified by arm and SEP indicators

Conditions	25% increase arm					25% discount arm					25% increase and discount arm
	Low educational level (n = 65)		High educational level (n = 63)			Low educational level (n = 78)		High educational level (n = 58)			Low educational level (n = 76)		High educational level (n = 60)
	B	95%CI	B	95%CI	lr-test	B	95%CI	B	95%CI	lr-test	B	95%CI	B	95%CI	lr-test
Control	Ref.		Ref.		0.1	Ref.		Ref.		0.2	Ref.		Ref.		0.3
Nudging	2.0	−0.5; 4.5	−2.7	−5.8; 0.3		−1.3	−3.9; 1.4	2.0	−0.9; 5.0		0.6	−1.9; 3.1	3.3	0.3; 6.2
Pricing	2.2	−0.3; 4.6	−2.0	−5.0; 1.1		−0.4	−3.0; 2.3	1.8	−1.2; 4.8		−0.9	−3.3; 1.6	2.7	−0.3; 5.7
Price salience	1.8	−0.7; 4.3	1.1	−1.9; 4.2		0.9	−1.8; 3.5	3.2	0.3; 6.2		2.8	0.3; 5.3	6.6	3.6; 9.6
Price salience and nudging	4.4	1.9; 6.8	1.8	−1.2; 4.9		2.6	−0.0; 5.3	1.9	−1.0; 4.9		3.5	0.8; 6.1	4.8	1.7; 8.0
	Low income level (n = 75)		High income level (n = 52)			Low income Level (n = 99)		High income level (n = 35)			Low income level (n = 92)		High income level (n = 43)
	B	95%CI	B	95%CI	lr-test	B	95%CI	B	95%CI	lr-test	B	95%CI	B	95%CI	lr-test
Control	Ref.		Ref.		1.0	Ref.		Ref.		0.2	Ref.		Ref.		0.7
Nudging	−0.5	−3.0; 2.0	− 0.5	− 3.8; 2.8		0.9	−1.3; 3.2	−1.5	−5.4; 2.4		1.6	−0.6;3.9	1.8	−1.6; 5.2
Pricing	−0.5	−3.0; 2.1	0.8	−2.4; 4.0		0.7	−1.5; 3.0	0.8	−3.2; 4.7		0.9	−1.4; 3.2	−0.6	−4.1; 2.8
Price salience	1.0	−1.5; 3.6	2.0	−1.3; 5.2		2.9	0.6; 5.2	−1.3	−5.2; 2.6		4.0	1.7; 6.3	5.0	1.6; 8.5
Price salience and nudging	2.8	0.4; 5.4	3.1	−0.1; 6.4		3.5	1.2; 5.8	−0.1	−3.9; 3.7		4.5	2.0; 7.0	3.0	−0.6; 6.5

Bold values are statistically significant
Abbreviations: B Beta regression coefficient, CI Confidence interval, lr-test p-value of the likelihood-ratio test, Ref Reference group

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