Sociodemographic variable | Percentage (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 2004 | 2009 | 2015 | p-value | 2001 | 2004 | 2009 | 2015 | p-value | |
Total (n) | 13.2 (12.9–13.5) | 19.4 (19.0–19.8) | 22.7 (22.3–23.0) | 21.3 (20.9–21.7) | 0.093* |  |  |  |  |  |
Sex | ||||||||||
 Male | 11.5 (11.0–11.9) | 16.7 (16.2–17.3) | 18.8 (18.3–19.3) | 19.2 (18.7–19.8) | 0.033* | Ref | ||||
 Female | 14.9 (14.4–15.4) | 22.1 (21.5–22.7) | 26.4 (25.8–26.9) | 23.3 (22.8–23.9) | <  0.001** | 1.53 (1.44–1.63) | 1.60 (1.51–1.69) | 1.73 (1.65–1.81) | 1.43 (1.36–1.50) | 0.748* |
Age | ||||||||||
 18–29 | 11.4 (10.9–12.0) | 17.9 (17.2–18.6) | 20.0 (19.3–20.6) | 17.9 (17.3–18.6) | 0.219* | Ref | ||||
 30–39 | 14.7 (14.0–15.4) | 20.8 (20.0–21.6) | 25.7 (24.9–26.4) | 23.7 (22.9–24.5) | <  0.001** | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 1.14 (1.07–1.22) | 1.11 (1.03–1.18) | 0.497* |
 40–49 | 14.7 (14.0–15.5) | 20.4 (19.5–21.2) | 23.1 (22.3–23.9) | 23.2 (22.4–23.9) | 0.034* | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 0.576* |
 50–59 | 12.4 (11.6–13.3) | 18.9 (17.9–19.9) | 22.1 (21.2–23.0) | 20.7 (19.9–21.5) | 0.100* | 0.82 (0.74–0.91) | 0.83 (0.75–0.90) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 0.526* |
Household area | ||||||||||
 Urban | 9.8 (9.3–10.3) | 17.8 (17.2–18.5) | 21.6 (20.9–22.2) | 21.4 (20.8–21.9) | 0.053* | Ref | ||||
 Rural | 14.9 (14.4–15.3) | 20.2 (19.7–20.7) | 23.2 (22.7–23.6) | 21.3 (20.7–21.8) | <  0.001** | 1.19 (1.10–1.30) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.94 (0.89–0.98) | 0.471* |
Region | ||||||||||
 Bangkok | 8.4 (7.6–9.2) | 15.1 (14.1–16.1) | 17.0 (16.0–18.1) | 19.8 (18.9–20.8) | 0.011* | Ref | ||||
 Central | 11.3 (10.7–12.0) | 18.4 (17.6–19.2) | 22.7 (21.9–23.5) | 21.3 (20.6–21.9) | <  0.001** | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) | 1.52 (1.39–1.68) | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 0.951* |
 North | 16.3 (15.5–17.2) | 23.8 (22.8–24.8) | 24.4 (23.5–25.3) | 22.9 (21.9–23.8) | 0.288* | 1.50 (1.30–1.73) | 1.67 (1.49–1.86) | 1.69 (1.52–1.87) | 1.25 (1.14–1.36) | 0.454* |
 North-East | 15.0 (14.4–15.7) | 20.7 (19.9–21.4) | 24.5 (23.8–25.1) | 21.7 (20.9–22.4) | <  0.001** | 1.38 (1.21–1.59) | 1.34 (1.21–1.49) | 1.75 (1.59–1.93) | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | 0.707* |
 South | 11.6 (10.7–12.6) | 16.4 (15.4–17.5) | 20.2 (19.2–21.2) | 20.6 (19.6–21.6) | 0.010* | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 1.30 (1.16–1.45) | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) | 0.875* |
Marital status | ||||||||||
 Never married | 8.2 (7.7–8.8) | 12.9 (12.2–13.6) | 17.0 (16.2–17.7) | 16.6 (16.0–17.3) | <  0.001** | Ref | ||||
 Married | 15.0 (14.6–15.5) | 21.9 (21.4–22.4) | 24.4 (23.9–24.8) | 23.3 (22.8–23.7) | 0.113* | 1.49 (1.36–1.64) | 1.65 (1.53–1.79) | 1.38 (1.30–1.47) | 1.34 (1.26–1.43) | 0.509* |
 Formerly married | 12.3 (11.0–13.7) | 17.5 (15.9–19.1) | 24.1 (22.6–25.6) | 21.8 (20.5–23.2) | <  0.001** | 1.17 (0.99–1.37) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | 1.31 (1.18–1.46) | 1.23 (1.12–1.36) | 0.905* |
Religion | ||||||||||
 Buddhist | 13.1 (12.8–13.5) | 19.6 (19.2–20.0) | 22.7 (22.3–23.1) | 21.3 (20.9–21.7) | 0.103* | Ref | ||||
 Non-Buddhist | 14.3 (12.7–15.9) | 16.5 (14.8–18.2) | 21.6 (19.9–23.3) | 21.6 (19.8–23.3) | 0.003* | 1.16 (1.00–1.35) | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 1.12 (0.99–1.25) | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 0.976* |
Employment status | ||||||||||
 Employed | 15.0 (14.6–15.4) | 21.8 (21.3–22.2) | 25.0 (24.6–25.4) | 24.0 (23.6–24.4) | 0.079* | Ref | ||||
 Unemployed | 4.8 (4.3–5.3) | 8.3 (7.6–9.0) | 11.1 (10.4–11.8) | 10.0 (9.4–10.6) | <  0.001** | 0.28 (0.25–0.32) | 0.31 (0.28–0.34) | 0.34 (0.31–0.37) | 0.34 (0.31–0.36) | 0.571* |
Highest education level | ||||||||||
 None | 17.1 (15.0–19.2) | 17.3 (15.1–19.4) | 20.3 (18.6–22.1) | 19.8 (18.6–20.9) | 0.070* | Ref | ||||
 Primary | 15.4 (14.9–15.8) | 20.7 (20.1–21.2) | 22.8 (22.2–23.3) | 21.8 (21.2–22.4) | 0.112* | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 1.16 (0.99–1.37) | 1.01 (0.91–1.14) | 1.06 (0.98–1.16) | 0.701* |
 Secondary | 9.8 (9.3–10.4) | 17.7 (17.0–18.5) | 22.2 (21.5–22.9) | 21.5 (20.8–22.2) | <  0.001** | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | 1.21 (1.03–1.44) | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 0.347* |
 Higher education | 7.9 (7.1–8.7) | 18.5 (17.4–19.6) | 23.7 (22.7–24.6) | 20.9 (20.1–21.6) | <  0.001** | 0.47 (0.39–0.58) | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) | 1.26 (1.12–1.43) | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 0.046** |
 Unspecified | 14.8 (7.1–22.5) | 14.3 (8.1–20.5) | 32.3 (23.7–40.9) | 26.5 (20.9–32.0) | 0.120* | 1.10 (0.55–2.02) | 0.92 (0.52–1.54) | 1.82 (1.19–2.74) | 1.31 (0.97–1.76) | 0.639* |