Sociodemographic variable | Percentage (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 2004 | 2009 | 2015 | p-value | 2001 | 2004 | 2009 | 2015 | p-value | |
Total (n) | 36.9 (36.5–37.4) | 39.6 (39.1–40.1) | 44.7 (44.2–45.1) | 44.6 (44.1–45.0) | 0.002* |  |  |  |  |  |
Sex | ||||||||||
 Male | 35.7 (35.0–36.4) | 36.4 (35.7–37.0) | 38.5 (37.8–39.1) | 41.7 (41.0–42.3) | <  0.001* | Ref | ||||
 Female | 38.2 (37.5–38.9) | 42.9 (42.2–43.6) | 50.7 (50.1–51.4) | 47.4 (46.8–48.0) | 0.079* | 1.23 (1.18–1.29) | 1.47 (1.40–1.53) | 1.85 (1.78–1.93) | 1.44 (1.38–1.50) | 0.147** |
Age | ||||||||||
 18–29 | 34.1 (33.3–34.9) | 37.9 (37.1–38.7) | 41.8 (41.0–42.6) | 41.8 (40.9–42.6) | <  0.001** | Ref | ||||
 30–39 | 39.2 (38.3–40.1) | 42.6 (41.7–43.6) | 49.8 (48.9–50.7) | 48.0 (47.1–48.9) | 0.025* | 0.88 (0.83–0.94) | 0.88 (0.83–0.94) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.632* |
 40–49 | 39.3 (38.3–40.4) | 40.2 (39.2–41.3) | 44.1 (43.2–45.0) | 45.6 (44.7–46.5) | <  0.001* | 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | 0.77 (0.72–0.82) | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) | 0.952* |
 50–59 | 35.9 (34.6–37.2) | 37.3 (36.1–38.5) | 42.9 (41.9–44.0) | 43.1 (42.1–44.1) | 0.001* | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) | 0.70 (0.65–0.75) | 0.81 (0.75–0.86) | 0.76 (0.71–0.81) | 0.856* |
Household area | ||||||||||
 Urban | 34.9 (34.1–35.7) | 38.3 (37.4–39.1) | 45.5 (44.7–46.3) | 45.2 (44.6–45.9) | 0.002* | Ref | ||||
 Rural | 37.9 (37.3–38.5) | 40.3 (39.7–40.9) | 44.3 (43.7–44.8) | 44.0 (43.4–44.6) | 0.005* | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.93 (0.87–0.98) | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 0.935* |
Region | ||||||||||
 Bangkok | 35.1 (33.7–36.5) | 35.6 (34.3–36.9) | 44.2 (42.8–45.6) | 46.4 (45.2–47.6) | <  0.001* | Ref | ||||
 Central | 35.1 (34.1–36.1) | 39.5 (38.5–40.5) | 45.9 (44.9–46.8) | 44.2 (43.4–45.0) | 0.029* | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) | 0.677* |
 North | 39.4 (38.3–40.6) | 46.3 (45.1–47.4) | 46.5 (45.5–47.6) | 46.8 (45.7–47.9) | 0.137* | 0.98 (0.90–1.08) | 1.46 (1.34–1.59) | 1.16 (1.06–1.25) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.623* |
 North-East | 38.2 (37.4–39.1) | 39.0 (38.2–39.9) | 43.2 (42.5–44.0) | 42.4 (41.5–43.3) | 0.022* | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | 0.548* |
 South | 35.0 (33.6–36.4) | 35.9 (34.5–37.3) | 44.0 (42.7–45.2) | 44.8 (43.6–46.1) | 0.001* | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.878* |
Marital status | ||||||||||
 Never married | 26.9 (26.0–27.8) | 30.8 (29.9–31.7) | 36.5 (35.5–37.4) | 37.1 (36.3–37.9) | 0.001* | Ref | ||||
 Married | 40.3 (39.8–40.9) | 42.6 (42.0–43.2) | 46.7 (46.2–47.3) | 47.4 (46.8–48.0) | <  0.001* | 1.62 (1.52–1.72) | 1.52 (1.43–1.61) | 1.41 (1.34–1.48) | 1.44 (1.37–1.51) | 0.609* |
 Formerly married | 38.6 (36.6–40.7) | 40.8 (38.7–42.9) | 51.3 (49.6–53.1) | 47.8 (46.1–49.4) | 0.070* | 1.52 (1.36–1.69) | 1.45 (1.30–1.61) | 1.63 (1.49–1.78) | 1.48 (1.36–1.60) | 0.993* |
Religion | ||||||||||
 Buddhist | 37.0 (36.5–37.5) | 39.9 (39.3–40.4) | 44.6 (44.2–45.1) | 44.6 (44.2–45.1) | 0.002* | Ref | ||||
 Non-Buddhist | 36.7 (34.5–38.9) | 35.1 (32.9–37.3) | 45.8 (43.7–47.8) | 43.9 (41.8–46.0) | 0.066* | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 0.980* |
Employment status | ||||||||||
 Employed | 40.7 (40.2–41.3) | 43.2 (42.6–43.7) | 48.0 (47.5–48.5) | 48.8 (48.3–49.3) | <  0.001* | Ref | ||||
 Unemployed | 18.9 (18.0–20.0) | 23.0 (22.0–24.1) | 28.2 (27.2–29.2) | 26.9 (26.0–27.8) | <  0.001** | 0.34 (0.31–0.36) | 0.37 (0.35–0.39) | 0.36 (0.34–0.39) | 0.36 (0.34–0.38) | 0.819* |
Highest education level | ||||||||||
 None | 45.1 (42.3–47.9) | 41.3 (38.5–44.1) | 43.5 (41.3–45.6) | 43.3 (41.9–44.8) | 0.817* | Ref | ||||
 Primary | 40.1 (39.5–40.8) | 41.8 (41.2–42.5) | 44.9 (44.3–45.6) | 45.6 (44.8–46.3) | <  0.001* | 0.70 (0.62–0.79) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 0.215* |
 Secondary | 31.9 (31.0–32.8) | 37.1 (36.2–38.0) | 44.7 (43.8–45.5) | 46.8 (46.0–47.6) | <  0.001* | 0.59 (0.52–0.67) | 0.88 (0.78–1.01) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | 0.060* |
 Higher education | 28.8 (27.4–30.2) | 35.6 (34.2–36.9) | 44.0 (42.9–45.1) | 40.2 (39.3–41.1) | <  0.001** | 0.43 (0.38–0.50) | 0.73 (0.63–0.84) | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.048** |
 Unspecified | 33.1 (22.9–43.3) | 34.9 (26.5–43.3) | 73.1 (65.0–81.3) | 62.3 (56.2–68.4) | 0.083* | 0.58 (0.35–0.93) | 0.75 (0.50–1.11) | 3.13 (2.04–4.90) | 1.83 (1.40–2.41) | 0.061** |