Sociodemographic variable | Percentage (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 2004 | 2009 | 2015 | p-value | 2001 | 2004 | 2009 | 2015 | p-value | |
Total (n) | 53.7 (53.2–54.2) | 56.1 (55.6–56.6) | 57.8 (57.4–58.3) | 56.4 (56.0–56.9) | <  0.001** |  |  |  |  |  |
Sex | ||||||||||
 Male | 51.7 (51.0–52.4) | 54.5 (53.7–55.2) | 55.6 (55.0–56.3) | 53.7 (53.0–54.3) | 0.494* | Ref | ||||
 Female | 55.7 (55.0–56.4) | 57.8 (57.1–58.5) | 60.0 (59.4–60.6) | 59.0 (58.4–59.6) | 0.085* | 1.28 (1.22–1.33) | 1.25 (1.20–1.30) | 1.32 (1.27–1.37) | 1.35 (1.30–1.40) | 0.715* |
Age | ||||||||||
 18–29 | 53.8 (52.9–54.6) | 56.2 (55.4–57.1) | 58.0 (57.2–58.8) | 54.6 (53.8–55.5) | 0.798* | Ref | ||||
 30–39 | 56.4 (55.5–57.4) | 56.9 (55.9–57.9) | 59.6 (58.8–60.5) | 58.3 (57.4–59.2) | 0.181* | 1.10 (1.03–1.16) | 0.94 (0.88–0.99) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 1.02 (0.96–1.07) | 0.900* |
 40–49 | 53.9 (52.9–55.0) | 56.6 (55.6–57.7) | 57.6 (56.7–58.5) | 58.4 (57.5–59.3) | 0.002* | 0.99 (0.94–1.06) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 0.744* |
 50–59 | 48.0 (46.7–49.3) | 53.9 (52.6–55.1) | 55.5 (54.4–56.5) | 54.2 (53.2–55.2) | 0.182* | 0.83 (0.77–0.89) | 0.9 (0.84–0.97) | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.96 (0.91–1.03) | 0.563* |
Household area | ||||||||||
 Urban | 52.1 (51.2–53.0) | 57.0 (56.1–57.8) | 58.0 (57.2–58.8) | 58.2 (57.5–58.9) | 0.065* | Ref | ||||
 Rural | 54.5 (53.9–55.1) | 55.7 (55.1–56.3) | 57.8 (57.2–58.3) | 54.8 (54.2–55.4) | 0.816* | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 0.647* |
Region | ||||||||||
 Bangkok | 48.3 (46.9–49.8) | 57.5 (56.1–58.8) | 55.3 (53.9–56.7) | 58.7 (57.5–59.8) | 0.123* | Ref | ||||
 Central | 54.9 (53.9–56.0) | 55.6 (54.5–56.6) | 59.4 (58.5–60.3) | 57.4 (56.6–58.2) | 0.212* | 1.33 (1.23–1.44) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) | 1.27 (1.17–1.37) | 1.03 (0.96–1.09) | 0.633* |
 North | 57.0 (55.9–58.2) | 56.0 (54.8–57.1) | 56.8 (55.7–57.9) | 54.8 (53.7–55.9) | 0.103* | 1.46 (1.34–1.59) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.285* |
 North-East | 55.5 (54.6–56.3) | 58.0 (57.1–58.9) | 60.3 (59.5–61.1) | 57.7 (56.8–58.6) | 0.434* | 1.36 (1.25–1.47) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.38 (1.27–1.49) | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 0.741* |
 South | 46.7 (45.2–48.1) | 51.0 (49.5–52.4) | 52.5 (51.2–53.7) | 51.1 (49.8–52.3) | 0.220* | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | 0.800* |
Marital status | ||||||||||
 Never married | 53.2 (52.2–54.2) | 53.0 (52.0–54.0) | 56.2 (55.2–57.1) | 54.7 (53.9–55.6) | 0.229* | Ref | ||||
 Married | 54.2 (53.6–54.8) | 57.6 (57.0–58.2) | 58.8 (58.2–59.3) | 57.5 (57.0–58.1) | 0.250* | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 1.20 (1.13–1.27) | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15) | 0.814* |
 Formerly married | 49.9 (47.8–52.0) | 52.1 (50.0–54.2) | 54.0 (52.3–55.8) | 53.2 (51.6–54.8) | 0.101* | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.93 (0.85–1.00) | 0.924* |
Religion | ||||||||||
 Buddhist | 53.9 (53.3–54.4) | 56.4 (55.9–56.9) | 58.0 (57.6–58.5) | 56.6 (56.1–57.0) | <  0.001** | Ref | ||||
 Non-Buddhist | 50.7 (48.4–53.0) | 51.2 (48.9–53.5) | 54.2 (52.1–56.2) | 53.3 (51.2–55.4) | 0.070* | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 0.931* |
Employment status | ||||||||||
 Employed | 55.1 (54.6–55.7) | 58.2 (57.6–58.7) | 60.1 (59.6–60.6) | 58.8 (58.4–59.3) | 0.149* | Ref | ||||
 Unemployed | 46.9 (45.7–48.2) | 46.6 (45.4–47.8) | 47.0 (45.9–48.1) | 46.1 (45.1–47.2) | 0.353* | 0.69 (0.65–0.73) | 0.60 (0.56–0.63) | 0.54 (0.51–0.57) | 0.55 (0.53–0.58) | 0.351* |
Highest education level | ||||||||||
 None | 45.0 (42.2–47.8) | 44.7 (41.9–47.5) | 50.2 (48.0–52.3) | 52.3 (50.9–53.8) | <  0.001* | Ref | ||||
 Primary | 53.9 (53.3–54.5) | 55.3 (54.6–56.0) | 55.8 (55.1–56.4) | 54.6 (53.8–55.3) | 0.695* | 1.41 (1.25–1.59) | 1.40 (1.24–1.58) | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 0.261* |
 Secondary | 54.0 (53.0–55.0) | 57.1 (56.2–58.1) | 59.4 (58.5–60.2) | 56.6 (55.8–57.4) | <  0.001** | 1.53 (1.35–1.73) | 1.68 (1.48–1.90) | 1.42 (1.29–1.56) | 1.19 (1.11–1.27) | 0.275* |
 Higher education | 54.5 (52.9–56.0) | 60.1 (58.7–61.5) | 63.2 (62.1–64.2) | 60.8 (59.9–61.8) | <  0.001** | 1.48 (1.29–1.69) | 1.73 (1.51–1.98) | 1.67 (1.51–1.85) | 1.43 (1.33–1.54) | 0.740* |
 Unspecified | 58.2 (47.5–68.9) | 63.1 (54.5–71.6) | 53.0 (43.8–62.2) | 50.9 (44.6–57.2) | 0.045* | 1.92 (1.22–3.06) | 2.02 (1.38–3.00) | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) | 0.86 (0.66–1.11) | 0.091* |