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Table 5 Overview of outcome variables and intervention effects across reviewed studies sorted by age group

From: Strategies and effects of school-based interventions to promote active school transportation by bicycle among children and adolescents: a systematic review

Outcome variables

Intervention effects (Pre/Post)

Children

Children/Adolescents

AST

Subjective

Mode of trips to school

051a, +m52a

 

Total no. of active trips to school

 

046

Frequency of active trips to school

051a, 052a

 

Frequency of long/short-term school cycling (trips)

045, 045

 

% of daily cycling trips to school

+50b

 

Min of cycling to school

047

 

Start cycling

 

044

Objective

Counts of intersection crossings

 

048

Psychosocial Factors

Subjective

Parental attitude/beliefs towards AST

 

048

Parental attitudes towards cycling

047

 

Student attitude towards cycling

 

046

Parental perception of safety

 

048

Perceived route safety to school of student

 

046

Parental encouragement of cycling to school

 

046

Parental/Child self-efficacy

+49b/+49b

 

Parental outcome expectations

+49b

 

Physical Fitness

Objective

CRF

Aerobic capacity

-45

 

VO2peak

 

044

HRpeak

 

044

VO2max

+CGm52a

 

20-m shuttle run test

+CGm52a

 

Muscular Fitness

Standing long jump

052a

 

Handgrip strength

+CGm52a

 

Speed Agility

4x10 shuttle run test

052a

 

PA Levels

Subjective

LTPA beyond AST

045

 

Objective

MVPA (total, from cycling, before/after school) in av. min/d

+50b/+50b/+50b

 

Weight Status

Objective

BMI

045

044

Overweight

 

044

Risk of developing overweight/obesity

045

 

AT

Subjective

Frequency of cycling beyond school

045

 

Cycling Skills

Objective

Total basic cycling skills

+47

 
  1. Note: The symbol + indicates an intervention effect, - marks unfavorable intervention effects in the intervention condition, and 0 means no intervention effect. The letters CG declare intervention effects in favor of the control condition. The letter m depicts intervention effects in favor of males. The letters a/b indicate studies with the same intervention, respectively
  2. AST active school travel, AT active travel, av. average, BMI body-mass-index, CRF cardiorespiratory fitness, d day, HRpeak peak heart rate, LTPA leisure-time physical activity, m meter, min minute(s), MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, no. number, PA physical activity, VO2max maximal oxygen uptake, VO2peak peak oxygen uptake