Evidence on physical activity and osteoporosis prevention for people aged 65+ years: a systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour

Table 5 Summary of findings and quality of evidence assessment for physical activity interventions vs control

Outcome	Summary of findings		Quality of evidence assessment (GRADE)
Outcome	Effect size^a (95% CI)	n (trials)	Study limitations	Imprecision	Inconsistency	Publication bias	Quality
Main outcome	0.15 (0.05 to 0.25)	1560 (20)	-1^b	None	None	None	Moderate
Femoral neck BMD	0.09 (− 0.03 to 0.21)	1032 (14)	-1^b	None	None	-1^c	Low
Lumbar spine BMD	0.17 (0.04 to 0.30)	874 (11)	-1^b	None	None	None	Moderate

BMD bone mineral density, n number of participants
^apooled standardised effect size and 95% confidence intervals (positive value favours physical activity interventions)
^b > 50% of studies in the meta-analysis had a PEDro score < 6/10
^cSerious small study effects suggested by visual inspection of funnel plot or sensitivity analysis investigating the impact of removal of small studies on pooled estimate

ISSN: 1479-5868