Table 1 Characteristics of reviews included in the umbrella review

Afshin et al., 2015 [43]

RCT and non-RCT; prospective cohort

Age: all ages

Setting: all settings

Primary studies of policy strategies with prior evidence of effectiveness to improve diet (policies including mass media campaigns, food and menu labelling, taxation and subsidies, local built environment, school procurement policies, worksite wellness programs, and marketing standards).

1

Narrative synthesis

No

NR

14

Afshin et al., 2017 [44]

RCT and non-RCT; prospective observational

Age: all ages

Setting: all settings

Primary studies of multicomponent interventions that reported the effect of the price change separately or if the price change was a major component of the intervention. The primary outcome was the change in consumption of foods and beverages; data on sales/purchase were considered a proxy for consumption.

7

Pooled quantitative synthesis

No

June 2014

26

Carter et al., 2018 [45]

RCT and non-RCT

Age: all ages

Setting: any out-of-home environment (e.g. grocery stores, supermarkets,

restaurants, bars, school canteens, and workplace

cafeterias)

Primary studies of intervention strategies which involved the comparison of the effect of an information-based cue at point of choice on food, alcohol or tobacco selection or consumption to that of a non-information-based cue condition.

5

Narrative synthesis

No

26th Nov 2016

13

Champion et al., 2019 [46]

RCT

Age: students 11–18 years

Setting: schools

Primary studies were eligible if they assessed a school-based prevention programme that was universal (i.e. delivered to all students regardless of their level of risk) and that targeted two or more of the following behaviours: alcohol use, smoking, diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour (screen time and sitting), or sleep and were primarily delivered via eHealth methods (e.g. the internet, computers, tablets, mobile technology, or tele-health).

4

Pooled quantitative synthesis

No

1 Jan 2000–14 March 2019

16

Cornelson et al., 2015 [47]

RCT and non-RCT; cross-sectional; cohort

Age: all ages

Setting: all settings

Full-text primary studies employing nationally representative data that have estimated food cross-price elasticities.

5

Pooled quantitative synthesis

Yes

28 Nov 2012

78

DeCosta et al. 2017 [22]

RCT and non-RCT

Age: 1–12 years

Setting: all settings

Intervention/experimental studies measuring one or more of the following outcomes: food choice, preference, liking, intake, willingness to taste, and neophobia. Studies testing multifaceted approaches were generally not included in the review.

3

Narrative synthesis

No

Jan 2017

120

Feltner et al., 2016 [48]

RCT, non-RCT and prospective cohort studies

Age: workers, age not specified

Setting: workplaces in developed countries

Primary studies of any “integrated intervention” that meets the definition of a Total Worker Health strategy (“a strategic and operational coordination of policies, programs, and practices designed to simultaneously prevent work-related injuries and illnesses, and enhance overall workforce health and well-being.”). Interventions may include a range of components that focus on changes in policy; organisational structure; work organisation; environmental factors; or individual worker education, counselling, training, or social support.

4

Narrative synthesis

Yes

21 Sept 2015

15

Girard et al., 2012 [49]

RCT and non-RCT

Age: children 0–59 months and/or women of reproductive age, regardless of pregnancy status

Setting: households in LMIC

Agricultural intervention strategies in LMIC aimed at increasing the quantity and/or quality of household food production (i.e. gardening strategies)

5

Narrative synthesis

No

1990 – NR

36

Hendren et al., 2017 [50]

RCT and non-RCT; prospective; observational; cross-sectional

Age: employees > 18 years

Setting: worksite food services

Primary studies were included if the intervention was located at workplace dining locations (e.g. cafeteria, hospital cafeteria for employees, university employee dining, and Army canteens). Employees must be adults working in public, private, government, or voluntary organisations.

4

Narrative synthesis

No

9 Aug 2016

18

Hendrie et al., 2017 [51]

RCT and non-RCT

Age: 2–12 years

Setting: home and community

Primary studies were eligible for inclusion if they evaluated the effectiveness of a community-based (excluding. school) intervention strategy aimed at improving vegetable consumption, either alone or in combination with other healthy eating and lifestyle messages; and had a quantitative measure of ‘usual’ vegetable consumption separate to other food groups (such as fruit).

3

Narrative synthesis

No

2004 - June 2014

22

Hodder et al., 2020 [23]

RCT

Age: ≤ 5 years

Setting: all settings

Trials of intervention strategies primarily targeting consumption of fruit, vegetables or both among children, and incorporating a dietary or biochemical assessment of fruit or vegetable consumption.

3

Pooled quantitative synthesis

No

Jan 2020

80

Hollis-Hansen et al., 2019 [52]

RCT, non-RCT and observational

Age: all ages

Setting: Markets in lower-income communities

Primary studies that examined the introduction of new food retail into a lower-income community in the United States (including any Community Supported Agriculture, farmers’ market, farm stand, mobile produce market (MPM), healthy corner store, or grocery store); included F&V intake as an outcome; and determined “diet quality” as consumption of F&Vs.

3

Narrative synthesis

No

24 Aug 2018

15

Hsiao et al., 2018 [53]

RCT, non-RCT and observational

Age: all ages

Setting: All settings within the United States

Primary studies based on empirical research of MPMs located in the United States; had results; analysed MPM separately from other market venues; and analysed MPMs that predominantly sold fruits and/or vegetables.

4

Narrative synthesis

No

Dec 2017

24

Langford et al., 2014 [54]

Cluster-RCT

Age: 4–18 years

Setting: schools

Primary studies where randomisation took place at the level of school, district or other geographical area. HPS interventions defined as comprising the following three elements: input to the curriculum; changes to the school’s ethos or environment or both; and engagement with families or communities, or both.

20

Pooled quantitative synthesis

Yes

22 Apr 2013

67

Micha et al., 2018 [55]

RCT and non-RCT

Age: 2–18 years

Setting: schools

Intervention trials that assessed the impact of school food environment policies in preschool, primary, or secondary schools on the outcomes of interest among generally healthy children.

11

Pooled quantitative synthesis

Yes

Dec 2017

91

Patnode et al., 2017 [56]

RCT and non- RCT

Age: adults, 18 years or order

Setting: primary care

Primary studies that evaluated the effectiveness of behavioural intervention strategies targeting improved diet, increased physical activity, decreased sedentary time, or a combination of these targets among adults without known hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance, or a combination of these factors.

4

Narrative synthesis

No

25 May 2016

88

Rochira et al., 2020 [57]

RCT, non-RCT and observational studies

Age: 6–13 years

Setting: Schools

Primary studies with the primary intervention strategy comprised of in-school gardening projects for primary school students (age range between 6 and 13 years). We excluded studies about preschool-aged children and adolescents. We included any outcome concerning anthropometric measurements, F&V consumption or knowledge and other outcomes such as blood pressure, science achievement, physical activity, and blood samples about metabolic syndrome markers.

3

Narrative synthesis

Yes

Feb 2019

33

Rodriguez et al., 2019 [26]

RCT, cluster RCT

Age: all ages

Setting: all settings

Primary studies using eHealth intervention strategies aiming to improve fruit and vegetable intake in at least one arm of the study. Studies assessing F&V intake and reporting results quantitatively; providing pre- and post-intervention means with standard deviations, or data to compute them, and sample size per each group; using true or quasi-experimental design.

6

Pooled quantitative synthesis

No

1999 to Jul 2018

19

Silveria et al., 2011 [58]

RCT

Age: 5–18 years

Setting: Schools

Primary studies of nutritional education intervention strategies carried out in the school environment to reduce or prevent overweight in children and adolescents.

14

Narrative synthesis

No

5 May 2010

24