Table 3 Results from the Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA), Bi-factor item analyses, and Item Response Modeling analyses ^a

1 Have your child help prepare dinner meals

Child

Involvement

(.75)

Child involvement

.22

.06

2 Have your child help you prepare vegetable dishes

.27

.09

3 Give your child a choice of veggies to eat at dinner

.27

.24

4 Ask your child’s opinion about what to make for meals

.26

.37

5 Serve healthy foods (veggies) in the way child likes

Encourage

(.77)

Autonomy support

.59

.83

8 Tell child you like it and that he or she might like it also

.74

.78

9 Say something nice if child taste a NEW vegetable / food

.72

.78

10 Tell your child that colorful veggies are healthier

Education / reasoning

(.91)

.69

.91

11 Read food labels to help child choose healthier options

.63

.81

12 Explain that eating healthy food gives more energy

.85

.96

13 Explain how good it is to eat or taste vegetable

.87

.97

14 Will do better in school by eating healthier/veggies

.74

.98

16 Teach your child to stop eating when full

.59

.65

17 Give child ideas on how to make healthy food choices

.76

.88

18 Explain your reasons for food rules tell

.73

.89

20 Explain that treats are sometimes food

.62

.97

21 Teach your child to eat food from all the food groups

.63

.91

22 Help child set goals to eat more veggies/healthier

.70

.75

1 Keep away from specific sweet or salty treats

Restriction for weight

(.80)

Restriction for weight

.34

.40

2 Keep a record of how much your child eats

.62

.55

3 Not allow child to take second helpings at dinner

.60

.52

4 Decide how much/how often your child eats

.34

.26

LD

5 Talk to your child about dieting/loosing weight

.63

.55

6 Give sweet or salty treat to make your child feel

Use food to control negative emotions

(.95)

Coercive control

.81

.79

7 Offer a treat when child is worried/stressed

.82

.77

8 Offer a treat to calm your child down

.86

.84

9 Give treat when talking/doing chores

.86

.86

10 Give treat to keep when child is bored

.84

.82

11 Child gets dessert if tastes veggies served

Threats & bribes

(.94)

.67

.69

12 Promise child dessert if finish meal

.68

.70

13 Send child to room if does not finish meal

.89

.98

14 Reduce TV/ videogame if child does not finish meal

.74

.81

15 Reward good behaviours with a sweet or salty treat

.71

.84

16 Take away dessert for bad behaviour

.74

.84

17 Offer a treat to make child do something

.85

.96

18 Take away TV/videogame if not eat veggies

.86

.90

19 Send child to room for refusing to eat veggies

.91

.99

20 Tell child will be punished for eating without asking

.80

.99

25 Make child stay at table until all the food is eaten

Pressure to eat

(.79)

.39

.96

26 Make child eat more even if s/he says “I am full”

.51

.42^b

27 Physically struggle with child to eat meal

.65

.54

I-ECV

28 Guilt child into eating his or her meal

.62

.50

I-ECV

29 Show disappointment if child does not eat veggies

.53

.48

I-ECV

30 Make sure child eats all veggies at dinner time

.52

.99

32 You force child to eat some veggies every day

.37

.97

34 Hide veggies in the food you serve

Intrusive control

(.79)

.64

.96

35 Make child feel bad about what s/he eats

.78

.92

36 Not allow child to have a treat at parties

.72

.82

37 Make a lighter meal, if child ate more earlier

.61

.74

1 Eat healthy snacks when child is around

Modeling

(.69)

Non-directive support

.57

.87

3 Eat healthy portions while with child

.47

.18^b

5 Enjoy eating veggies when with child

.64

.86

7 Encourage child to eat food as served

Prompt to eat

(.83)

.70

1.00

8 Encourage child to eat more if not full

.68

.80

9 Get child to eat more veggies

.77

.97

10 Encourage child to eat more

.72

.75

11 Get child to taste a new veggies

.78

.95

12 Family meals prepared from scratch

Meal preparation (.68)

Providing healthy eating opportunities

.59

.94

14 Serve veggies your child likes

.68

.95

15 Serve colourful veggies with meals

.81

.90

22 Serve a vegetable multiple times

Exposure to variety / selection

(.75)

.59

.96

23 Serve child at least 2 different veggies

.71

.99

24 Serve child at least 5 different veggies

.77

.75

25 Serve at least 5 different fruits

.64

.77

26 Consistently served veggies since young

.47

1.00

27 Foods from different countries / cultures

.42

.89

DRF

28 Know how many treats child has

Rules and limits (.86)

Rules and limits

NA

NA

29 Limit sweet or salty treats

NA

NA

31 Do not let child drink soda/sugary drinks

NA

NA

33 Limit size of treats child eats

NA

NA

34 Expect child to eat what you serve

NA

NA

35 If child eats a treat, expect next healthy

NA

NA

36 Expect child to drink mostly water/milk

NA

NA

37 Ask those who care for child to limit treats

NA

NA

39 Child ask permission before eating treat

NA

NA

41 Encourage to take small portion for treats

Redirection

(.61)

Redirection

NA

NA

44 Talk/agree about treat options with child

NA

NA

47 Make child eat dinner meals at the table

Meal routines (.74)

Meal routines

NA

NA

50 Eat dinner together as a family

NA

NA

52 No play/talk/text while eating

NA

NA

53 No TV while eating

NA

NA

58 Keep treats out of your child’s reach

Covert control

(.76)

Covert control

NA

NA

59 Hide sugary drinks so child cannot find

NA

NA

61 Throw away leftover treats

NA

NA

62 Not bring sugary drinks into home

NA

NA

LD^b

63 Eat out or get take-out food for meals

Accommodating the child (.81)

Accommodating the child

NA

NA

65 Give in and let child have dessert

NA

NA

67 Allow child to skip meals

NA

NA

69 Make only the foods child asks for meals

NA

NA

70 Buy a treat to fill child when on the go

NA

NA