Table 1 Summary of major PICOS characteristics of included studies
| Study and country | N randomized (analyzed at last included follow-up) | Last follow-up included in review | BMI class | Population characteristics | Gestational week at inclusion | Intervention duration | Intervention content |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Chiavaroli et al. [56], 2018 New Zealand | 98 (57) | 7 y | All | Only nulliparous women aged 20–40, who were relatively sedentary included | < 20 | Pregnancy | PA |
|
Delta Healthy Sprouts [57] USA | 105 (46) | 12 m | All | Large majority of women were of African-American race and unmarried, from region with high rates of OB, diabetes, hypertension | < 19 | Pregnancy and postpartum | Mixed |
|
ETIP [41, 64] Norway | 91 (70) | 3 m | OW/OB (≥ 28 kg/m2) | Only previously sedentary women included | ≤ 18 | Pregnancy | PA |
|
ETOIG [49] France | 275 (238) | 2 y | OW/OB | Majority of women were found to be of high socioeconomic status and have high levels of education | ≤ 21 | Pregnancy and postpartum | Mixed |
|
FeLIPO [40] cluster-RCT Germany | 250 (220) | 10–12 m | All, except UW | Majority of women were normal weight, German-born | < 18 | Pregnancy | Mixed |
|
Fit for Delivery [58] USA | 401 (222) | 6 m | All (19.8–40 kg/m2) | Only non-smokers included, most were non-Hispanic White | 10–16 | Pregnancy | Mixed |
|
GeliS [43] cluster-RCT Germany | 2286 (1716) | 10–12 m | All (18.5–40 kg/m2) | Women were predominantly White, relatively well educated, more nulliparous women in intervention group | < 12 | Pregnancy and postpartum | Mixed |
|
HAPPY [59] United Kingdom | 120 (78) | 12 m | OW/OB | Women were mostly of South Asian origin, city characterized by high levels of socioeconomic deprivation and ethnic diversity | 10–26 | Pregnancy and postpartum | Mixed |
| Healthy Mom Zone [60, 65] USA | 31 (19) | 5–11 wks | OW/OB (25–45 kg/m2) | Most women were married, middle to upper class, Caucasian, from rural/ suburban areas | > 8 | Pregnancy | Mixed |
|
Healthy Moms [52] USA | 118 (103) | 12 m | OB | Women were primarily White with at least a high school education. Over half were classified with class 2 or 3 obesity | ≤ 20 | Pregnancy | Mixed |
|
Kong et al. [48], 2014 USA | 42 (33) | 6 m | OW/OB | Only non-exercising non-smokers included, cohort predominantly White, married, educated | < 15 | Pregnancy | PA |
|
LIMIT [46, 53, 54] Australia | 2212 (1418) | 3–5 y | OW/OB | Women were predominantly White | 10–20 | Pregnancy | Mixed |
|
LiPO [51] Denmark | 360 (157) | 2.8 y | OB (30–45 kg/m2) | Women were exclusively Caucasian | 10–14 | Pregnancy | Mixed |
|
NAMI [45] Finland | 171 (143) | 6 m | All | Women were exclusively White, majority had high education levels and were primiparous | < 17 | Pregnancy and postpartum | Diet |
|
NELLI [61] cluster-RCT Finland | 442 (150) | 7 y | All | Minimum 1 out of 4 risk factors required: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, history of GDM/ macrosomic birth, age > 40 y, diabetes in family | 8–12 | Pregnancy | Mixed |
|
RADIEL [42] Finland | 728 (320) | 5 y | All | History of GDM or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 were required, women were exclusively White, majority well educated, non-smokers, primiparous | < 20, or planning pregnancy | Pre-or early pregnancy and postpartum | Mixed |
|
ROLO [47, 55] Ireland | 800 (280) | 6 m | All | Only secundigravid women with macrosomic birth included, majority were White | ≤ 18 | Pregnancy | Diet |
| Stafne et al. [62], 2012 Norway | 855 (258) | 15 m | All | Only White women included, cohort generally exercised regularly, BMI mostly in normal range | 18–22 | Pregnancy | PA |
|
UPBEAT [50] United Kingdom | 1555 (677) | 6 m | OB | Sample characterized by high ethnic diversity and socioeconomic deprivation; women aged ≥16 y were included | 15–18 | Pregnancy | Mixed |
|
VIGA [63] Sweden | 445 (185) | 6 y | All (≤ 19 kg/m2) | Larger proportion of normal weight women compared to the country population | ≤ 16 | Pregnancy and postpartum | PA |