From: Effects of physical activity programs on sleep outcomes in older adults: a systematic review
 | Chen et al. (2012) [75] | Chen et al. (2010) [73] | Chen et al. (2009) [72] | Frye, et al. (2007) [70] | Hosseini et al. (2011) [74] | Nguyen and Kruse (2012) [76] | Stevenson and Topp (1990) [68] | Chan and Chen (2016) [80] | Naylor et al. (2000) [69] | Curi et al. (2018) [81] | Melancon et al. (2015) [79] | Chen and Tseng (2008) [71] | Hariprasad et al. (2013) [78] | Oudegeest-Sander et al. (2013) [77] | #significant improved /#reported outcome |
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Program characteristics | |||||||||||||||
− frequency − intensity − time − duration − type | − 3*/week − moderate − 30 min − 12 weeks − Baduanjin | − 3*/week − moderate − 70 min − 6 months − silver yoga exercises | − 3*/week − moderate − 70 min − 6 months − silver yoga exercises | − 3*/week − low-to-moderate − 60 min − 12 weeks − tai chi, low impact exercises | − 3*/week − moderate − 20-25 min − 12 weeks − Tai chi  | − 2*/week − moderate − 60 min − 6 months − Tai chi | − 3*/week − moderate − 55-60 min − 6 months − stretching, cycling, slow walking | − *3/week − low − 40 min − 6 months − elastic band exercises | −1*/day − low − 45 min − 2 weeks − stretching, cooling down | − 1*/week − moderate − 60 min − 16 weeks − Pilates | − 3*/week − moderate − 45-60 min − 16 weeks − brisk walking | − 3*/week − moderate − 70 min − 4 weeks − silver yoga exercises | − 1*/day − moderate − 60 min − 6 months − yoga | − 3*/week −vigorous − 45 min − 12 months − cycling | – |
Measures of sleep, effect size and study quality | |||||||||||||||
(s)ubjective or (o)bjective | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | o | s | s/o | s | s | o | – |
effect size* | 1.55 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 0.35 (group 1) – 0.52 (group 2) | 0.44 | 1.52 | n | 0.34 | n | 0.44 | 0.48 | n | 0.55 | n | |
study quality | strong | strong | strong | strong | moderate | strong | strong | moderate | moderate | strong | moderate | moderate | strong | strong | |
Sleep outcomes | |||||||||||||||
difficulties falling back to sleep | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1*/1 (100%) |
NREM sleep | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x* | Â | Â | Â | 1*/1 (100%) |
subjective sleep quantity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 1*/1 (100%) |
PSQI total score | x* | x* | x* | Â | x* | x* | Â | x* | Â | x* | x | x | x* | Â | 8*/10 (80%) |
sleep latency | x* | Â | x* | Â | Â | Â | x* | x* | x | x* | x | x | x | x | 5*/10 (50%) |
sleep disturbances | x* | x* | Â | x* | Â | Â | Â | x | Â | x | x | x* | x | Â | 4*/8 (50%) |
wake time after sleep onset | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x | Â | x* | Â | Â | Â | 1*/2 (50%) |
slow wave sleep | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x* | Â | x | Â | Â | Â | 1*/2 (50%) |
stage 2 sleep | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x* | Â | x | Â | Â | Â | 1*/2 (50%) |
total sleep time | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x* | Â | Â | Â | Â | x | 1*/2 (50%) |
daytime dysfunction | x* | x* | x* | Â | Â | Â | Â | x | Â | x | Â | x | x | Â | 3*/7 (43%) |
sleep duration | x* | x* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x* | Â | x | x | x | x | Â | 3*/7 (43%) |
sleep medication | x* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x | Â | x* | Â | x | x | Â | 2*/5 (40%) |
sleep efficiency | x* | x* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x* | Â | x | x | x | x | x | 3*/8 (38%) |
sleep quality | x* | Â | x* | Â | Â | Â | x | x | x | x | Â | x | x | Â | 2*/8 (25%) |
awakenings | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | x | 0*/1 (0%) |
#significant improved /#reported outcome | 8*/8 (100%) | 5*/5 (100%) | 4*/4 (100%) | 1*/1 (100%) | 1*/1 (100%) | 1*/1 (100%) | 3*/4 (75%) | 4*/8 (50%) | 3*/6 (50%) | 3*/8 (38%) | 2*/9 (22%) | 1*/8 (13%) | 1*/8 (13%) | 0*/4 (0%) | Â |