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Table 2 Overview of results: subjective and objective sleep outcomes from different studies (studies are ordered from highest to lowest number of significant sleep outcomes)

From: Effects of physical activity programs on sleep outcomes in older adults: a systematic review

 

Chen et al. (2012) [75]

Chen et al. (2010) [73]

Chen et al. (2009) [72]

Frye, et al. (2007) [70]

Hosseini et al. (2011) [74]

Nguyen and Kruse (2012) [76]

Stevenson and Topp (1990) [68]

Chan and Chen (2016) [80]

Naylor et al. (2000) [69]

Curi et al. (2018) [81]

Melancon et al. (2015) [79]

Chen and Tseng (2008) [71]

Hariprasad et al. (2013) [78]

Oudegeest-Sander et al. (2013) [77]

#significant improved /#reported outcome

Program characteristics

− frequency

− intensity

− time

− duration

− type

− 3*/week

− moderate

− 30 min

− 12 weeks

− Baduanjin

− 3*/week

− moderate

− 70 min

− 6 months

− silver yoga exercises

− 3*/week

− moderate

− 70 min

− 6 months

− silver yoga exercises

− 3*/week

− low-to-moderate

− 60 min

− 12 weeks

− tai chi, low impact exercises

− 3*/week

− moderate

− 20-25 min

− 12 weeks

− Tai chi 

− 2*/week

− moderate

− 60 min

− 6 months

− Tai chi

− 3*/week

− moderate

− 55-60 min

− 6 months

− stretching, cycling, slow walking

− *3/week

− low

− 40 min

− 6 months

− elastic band exercises

−1*/day

− low

− 45 min

− 2 weeks

− stretching, cooling down

− 1*/week

− moderate

− 60 min

− 16 weeks

− Pilates

− 3*/week

− moderate

− 45-60 min

− 16 weeks

− brisk walking

− 3*/week

− moderate

− 70 min

− 4 weeks

− silver yoga exercises

− 1*/day

− moderate

− 60 min

− 6 months

− yoga

− 3*/week

−vigorous

− 45 min

− 12 months

− cycling

–

Measures of sleep, effect size and study quality

(s)ubjective or (o)bjective

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

o

s

s/o

s

s

o

–

effect size*

1.55

1.01

0.86

0.35 (group 1) – 0.52 (group 2)

0.44

1.52

n

0.34

n

0.44

0.48

n

0.55

n

study quality

strong

strong

strong

strong

moderate

strong

strong

moderate

moderate

strong

moderate

moderate

strong

strong

Sleep outcomes

difficulties falling back to sleep

      

x*

       

1*/1 (100%)

NREM sleep

          

x*

   

1*/1 (100%)

subjective sleep quantity

      

x*

       

1*/1 (100%)

PSQI total score

x*

x*

x*

 

x*

x*

 

x*

 

x*

x

x

x*

 

8*/10 (80%)

sleep latency

x*

 

x*

   

x*

x*

x

x*

x

x

x

x

5*/10 (50%)

sleep disturbances

x*

x*

 

x*

   

x

 

x

x

x*

x

 

4*/8 (50%)

wake time after sleep onset

        

x

 

x*

   

1*/2 (50%)

slow wave sleep

        

x*

 

x

   

1*/2 (50%)

stage 2 sleep

        

x*

 

x

   

1*/2 (50%)

total sleep time

        

x*

    

x

1*/2 (50%)

daytime dysfunction

x*

x*

x*

    

x

 

x

 

x

x

 

3*/7 (43%)

sleep duration

x*

x*

     

x*

 

x

x

x

x

 

3*/7 (43%)

sleep medication

x*

      

x

 

x*

 

x

x

 

2*/5 (40%)

sleep efficiency

x*

x*

     

x*

 

x

x

x

x

x

3*/8 (38%)

sleep quality

x*

 

x*

   

x

x

x

x

 

x

x

 

2*/8 (25%)

awakenings

             

x

0*/1 (0%)

#significant improved /#reported outcome

8*/8 (100%)

5*/5 (100%)

4*/4 (100%)

1*/1 (100%)

1*/1 (100%)

1*/1 (100%)

3*/4 (75%)

4*/8 (50%)

3*/6 (50%)

3*/8 (38%)

2*/9 (22%)

1*/8 (13%)

1*/8 (13%)

0*/4 (0%)

 
  1. Effect size underlined: Cohen’s d effect size > 80 = substantial; n = data to calculate effect size not available;
  2. *Effect sizes are based on the main reported outcome in the individual study; these are indicated in bold in the table;
  3. Sleep outcomes: x = measured outcome; x* = significant improved measure; no negative outcomes were reported;
  4. NREM Non-rapid eye movement sleep; PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index