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Table 1 Sample characteristics by gender and by dose of the new child package received1

From: The new child food package is associated with reduced obesity risk among formula fed infants participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) in Los Angeles County, California, 2003–2016

 

Number of years receiving the new child food package

BOYS

0

(N = 11,089)

> 0 to < 1

(N = 4361)

1 to < 2

(N = 4138)

2 to < 3

(N = 4436)

3 to < 4

(N = 4679)

4

(N = 9706)

Initial WHZ, mean ± SD

0.49 ± 1.25

0.49 ± 1.20

0.55 ± 1.22

0.53 ± 1.23

0.53 ± 1.25

0.35 ± 1.25

Age (y) at initial WHZ, mean ± SD

0.29 ± 0.22

0.23 ± 0.23

0.25 ± 0.23

0.25 ± 0.24

0.26 ± 0.24

0.22 ± 0.23

Obese (BMI > 95th percentile) at 4y, N (%)

2795(25.4)

1165(26.9)

1094(26.7)

1134(25.8)

1166(25.1)

2232(23.1)

Child race/ethnicity, N (%)

Asian

722(6.5)

223(5.1)

192(4.6)

186(4.2)

176(3.8)

381(3.9)

Black

741(6.7)

245(5.6)

226(5.5)

278(6.3)

328(7.0)

695(7.2)

Hispanic

9238(83.3)

3732(85.6)

3622(87.5)

3831(86.4)

4030(86.1)

8253(85.0)

White

376(3.4)

134(3.1)

82(2.0)

101(2.3)

102(2.2)

223(2.3)

Other

12(0.1)

27(0.6)

16(0.4)

40(0.9)

43(0.9)

154(1.6)

Parental language, N (%)

English

4582(41.3)

1919(44.0)

1915(46.3)

2220(50.1)

2451(52.4)

5529(57.0)

Spanish

5977(53.9)

2261(51.9)

2089(50.5)

2096(47.3)

2103(45.0)

3921(40.4)

Other

530(4.8)

181(4.2)

134(3.2)

120(2.7)

125(2.7)

256(2.6)

Parental education, N (%)

< high school

7081(63.9)

2756(63.2)

2645(63.9)

2780(62.7)

2813(60.1)

5288(54.5)

High school

3149(28.4)

1289(29.6)

1182(28.6)

1279(28.8)

1464(31.3)

3366(34.7)

> high school

859(7.8)

316(7.3)

311(7.5)

377(8.5)

402(8.6)

1052(10.8)

Family income, N (%)

< 50% FPL

3314(29.9)

1234(28.3)

1131(27.3)

1262(28.5)

1324(28.3)

3472(35.8)

50–100% FPL

5093(45.9)

2139(49.1)

2013(48.7)

2077(46.8)

2162(46.2)

4405(45.4)

>  100% FPL

2682(24.2)

988(22.7)

994(24.0)

1097(24.7)

1193(25.5)

1829(18.8)

GIRLS

0

(N = 10,552)

> 0 to < 1

(N = 4167)

1 to < 2

(N = 3979)

2 to < 3

(N = 4262)

3 to < 4

(N = 4508)

4

(N = 8994)

Initial WHZ, mean ± SD

0.48 ± 1.19

0.49 ± 1.18

0.49 ± 1.16

0.49 ± 1.18

0.54 ± 1.14

0.37 ± 1.16

Age (y) at initial WHZ, mean ± SD

0.29 ± 0.22

0.24 ± 0.23

0.25 ± 0.23

0.25 ± 0.24

0.26 ± 0.24

0.22 ± 0.23

Obese (BMI > 95th percentile) at 4y, N (%)

2375(22.7)

938(22.7)

901(22.9)

958(22.7)

997(22.3)

1867(20.9)

Child race/ethnicity, N (%)

Asian

673(6.4)

214(5.1)

173(4.4)

185(4.3)

179(4.0)

356(4.0)

Black

666(6.3)

273(6.6)

220(5.5)

275(6.5)

279(6.2)

683(7.6)

Hispanic

8820(83.6)

3556(85.3)

3472(87.3)

3680(86.3)

3910(86.7)

7602(84.5)

White

381(3.6)

109(2.6)

88(2.2)

101(2.4)

94(2.1)

199(2.2)

Other

12(0.1)

15(0.4)

26(0.7)

21(0.5)

46(1.0)

154(1.7)

Parental language, N (%)

English

4401(41.7)

1890(45.4)

1891(47.5)

2053(48.2)

2378(52.8)

5141(57.2)

Spanish

5684(53.9)

2125(51.0)

1961(49.3)

2082(48.9)

2025(44.9)

3610(40.1)

Other

467(4.4)

152(3.7)

127(3.2)

127(3.0)

105(2.3)

243(2.7)

Parental education, N (%)

< high school

6840(64.8)

2581(61.9)

2439(61.3)

2625(61.6)

2705(60.0)

4977(55.3)

High school

2851(27.0)

1275(30.6)

1239(31.1)

1330(31.2)

1415(31.4)

3175(35.3)

> high school

861(8.2)

311(7.5)

301(7.6)

307(7.2)

388(8.6)

842(9.4)

Family income, N (%)

< 50% FPL

3207(30.4)

1243(29.8)

1124(28.3)

1157(27.2)

1297(28.8)

3308(36.8)

50–100% FPL

4746(45.0)

2009(48.2)

1857(46.7)

2033(47.7)

2088(46.3)

4061(45.2)

>  100% FPL

2599(24.6)

915(22.0)

998(25.1)

1072(25.2)

1123(24.9)

1625(18.1)

  1. 1The sample includes children who participated in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) continuously from birth until age 4 (inclusive) in Los Angeles County, California between 2003 and 2016 and who were exclusively formula fed during their first year of life
  2. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index; FPL federal poverty level; SD standard deviation; WHZ weight-for-height z-score; y = years