Fig. 3

Nonlinear dose–response analyses on energy-adjusted ultra-processed food consumption and cardiovascular mortality in the whole study population. The reference level was set at 0 serving/day. Hazard ratio was adjusted for age, sex, race, educational level, marital status, study center, aspirin use, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity level, and energy intake from diet. The red solid line represents the fitted nonlinear trend, and the purple short-dash line represents corresponding 95% confidence interval