Table 2 Sample sizes, cadences, heart rate (HR), % heart rate maximum (HR_max), % heart rate reserve (HRR), and RPE for treadmill speeds

Group 1 (21–30 years)

n

37

37

37

37

37

36

36

34

14

4

Cadence

41.0 ± 8.7

65.6 ± 7.2

82.5 ± 7.1

95.4 ± 6.2

105.4 ± 5.5

113.0 ± 5.9

120.1 ± 6.1

127.8 ± 6.9

133.7 ± 6.2

142.5 ± 6.1

[28–72]

[53–82]

[72–99]

[85–108]

[94–117]

[101–127]

[108–135]

[115–143]

[124–147]

[135–148]

%HR_max

42.9 ± 7.0

43.9 ± 7.0

45.0 ± 6.9

46.2 ± 6.8

48.2 ± 6.9

51.5 ± 7.5

56.7 ± 8.6

64.0 ± 10.1

67.0 ± 11.3

72.9 ± 8.9

[28.9–59.1]

[30.9–59.2]

[32.1–60.5]

[34–61]

[36–63]

[38.3–67.5]

[41.1–74.6]

[44.5–85.5]

[48.7–85]

[61.1–80]

%HRR

12.4 ± 6.7

14.0 ± 6.6

15.7 ± 6.6

17.5 ± 6.7

20.7 ± 7.1

25.6 ± 8.4

33.6 ± 10.5

45.3 ± 13.8

51.3 ± 16.0

61.0 ± 13.6

[0.4–26.1]

[0.1–27.5]

[1–29.2]

[3.5–31]

[5.7–36]

[8.8–44.4]

[13–55.8]

[18–77.1]

[22.1–75.6]

[42.5–73.4]

RPE

7.2 ± 0.9

7.7 ± 1.0

8.2 ± 1.0

8.7 ± 1.1

9.5 ± 1.2

10.2 ± 1.3

11.4 ± 1.2

12.3 ± 1.3

13 ± 1.6

12.8 ± 1.0

[6–10]

[6–10]

[6–10]

[7–11]

[7–12]

[8–13]

[9–14]

[10–14]

[10–15]

[12–14]

Group 2 (31–40 years)

n

40

40

40

40

39

38

34

28

10

0

Cadence

49.2 ± 13.9

69.7 ± 10.2

85.0 ± 8.6

96.8 ± 6.8

106.3 ± 6.6

114.2 ± 6.3

122.4 ± 6.3

129.4 ± 5.8

141.7 ± 10.2

N/A

[31–101]

[56–105]

[72–110]

[86–115]

[93–121]

[101–125]

[108–134]

[116–139]

[125–156]

N/A

%HR_max

42.9 ± 6.9

44.4 ± 6.8

45.8 ± 6.5

47.4 ± 6.5

50.1 ± 6.9

54.3 ± 8.2

58.9 ± 8.3

68.4 ± 9.8

74.1 ± 6.7

N/A

[29.5–56.5]

[30.2–57.1]

[32.8–57.4]

[34.7–60.1]

[37.4–64.9]

[41.6–75.4]

[45.8–81.3]

[53.9–86.6]

[66.7–84.3]

N/A

%HRR

13.1 ± 6.2

15.3 ± 5.8

17.4 ± 5.6

19.9 ± 5.4

24.3 ± 6.3

30.7 ± 8.5

38.6 ± 10.0

52.9 ± 13.1

62.4 ± 9.5

N/A

[−0.9–27.8]

[2.4–26.7]

[4.4–26.9]

[8.8–32.2]

[11.7–35.5]

[19.8–54.7]

[26.8–70.8]

[35.4–79.1]

[48.2–77.3]

N/A

RPE

7.6 ± 1.5

8.2 ± 1.7

8.8 ± 1.7

9.5 ± 1.7

10.4 ± 1.6

10.9 ± 1.6

11.8 ± 1.4

12.8 ± 1.2

14.1 ± 1.3

N/A

[6–11]

[6–12]

[6–12]

[7–13]

[8–14]

[8–14]

[9–15]

[10–15]

[12–16]

N/A

Group 3 (41–50 years)

n

40

39

39

39

39

39

38

26

6

1

Cadence

51.1 ± 16.6

68.6 ± 15.4

84.6 ± 10.8

97.0 ± 8.7

106.4 ± 7.4

114.6 ± 6.8

121.4 ± 6.7

130.8 ± 9.0

141.8 ± 9.4

157.4

[31–112]

[39–133]

[65–131]

[77–131]

[89–130]

[100–131]

[109–135]

[116–148]

[129–151]

N/A

%HR_max

45.8 ± 5.9

47.2 ± 5.9

48.5 ± 5.8

50.1 ± 5.9

52.9 ± 6.4

56.7 ± 6.7

62.5 ± 7.6

72.5 ± 9.9

79.1 ± 6.7

81.9

[33.8–57.2]

[35.1–59.8]

[38–61.7]

[39.9–64.6]

[40.8–67.3]

[43.2–67.7]

[46.3–76.2]

[53.4–83.3]

[68.2–87.5]

N/A

%HRR

14.2 ± 6.9

16.2 ± 7.3

18.3 ± 7.5

20.8 ± 7.9

25.3 ± 8.9

31.3 ± 9.3

40.6 ± 10.6

56.3 ± 14.9

67.2 ± 8.6

73.9

[0.4–29.6]

[3.7–33.9]

[3.9–37]

[6.7–41.8]

[10.3–46.2]

[13.5–46.9]

[18.4–63.6]

[28–74.2]

[54.2–78.3]

N/A

RPE

8.3 ± 1.7

8.5 ± 1.4

9.0 ± 1.4

9.7 ± 1.4

10.5 ± 1.3

11.4 ± 1.3

12.4 ± 1.2

13.3 ± 1.2

13.5 ± 1.0

13

[6–15]

[6–11]

[6–12]

[6–12]

[7–13]

[8–14]

[9–15]

[11–15]

[12–15]

N/A

Group 4 (51–60 years)

n

39

39

39

38

38

38

34

20

5

0

Cadence

54.2 ± 17.6

71.9 ± 13.1

84.6 ± 11.2

95.2 ± 7.9

104.6 ± 6.5

112.5 ± 6.9

118.5 ± 6.9

126.2 ± 8.1

136.9 ± 9.9

N/A

[33–121]

[57–133]

[72–141]

[83–129]

[93–126]

[101–127]

[106–133]

[112–143]

[128–152]

N/A

%HR_max

48.1 ± 8.2

49.8 ± 8.1

51.2 ± 8.1

52.7 ± 7.7

55.7 ± 7.5

59.9 ± 8.0

66.2 ± 8.7

71.5 ± 8.6

80.1 ± 10.0

N/A

[31.8–66.1]

[33.7–66.2]

[36.8–66.9]

[39.4–66.9]

[44.5–71.3]

[47.1–79.6]

[52.8–84.2]

[59.2–88.0]

[68.1–93.4]

N/A

%HRR

16.9 ± 7.0

19.6 ± 7.4

21.8 ± 7.6

24.1 ± 7.4

28.9 ± 7.6

35.7 ± 9.0

46.1 ± 11.1

55.9 ± 12.5

68.6 ± 14.7

N/A

[6.3–34.1]

[8.5–37.8]

[10.2–39.5]

[10.8–41.4]

[12.7–43.5]

[19.3–59.5]

[28.5–75.2]

[37.8–81.2]

[51.4–89.7]

N/A

RPE

8.4 ± 1.8

8.8 ± 1.7

9.4 ± 1.8

10.1 ± 1.3

10.8 ± 1.2

11.7 ± 1.2

12.5 ± 1.2

13.4 ± 1.4

14.6 ± 0.5

N/A

[6–13]

[6–13]

[6–14]

[8–13]

[8–13]

[9–14]

[10–15]

[11–16]

[14, 15]

N/A