Fig. 2

Correlates of outdoor play/time within the socioecological modelling framework. Note: Only evidence based on ≥ 2 observations were included in this model. Strong association is indicated in double ‘ ++ ’ or ‘ −− ’. Common correlates of outdoor play and outdoor time are in bold. ^OT Correlate for outdoor time only; correlate for outdoor play only if not indicated. ^a Physical activity included active travel (n = 1), structured exercise sport (n = 1), regular play (n = 1), and dog walking (n = 1). ^b Temperament included surgency/extraversion (boys and girls) and negative affectivity (boys only). ^c Hyper-parenting included little emperor (n = 1), tiger mom (n = 1) and concerted cultivation (n = 1). ^d Constraint parenting included avoidance (n = 1) and defensive parenting (n = 1). ^e Parental attitude included attitude towards nature (n = 1), attitude toward recreation (n = 1), attitude towards child’s physical activity (n = 1), and attitude towards walking (n = 1). ^f Parental concerns included concerns towards child’s outdoor play (n = 1) and physical activity (n = 1). ^g Parental behavior included outdoor activity (n = 1), frequency of walking (n = 2), frequency of organized sport (n = 2), and overall PA (n = 3). ^h Parental support included co-participation (n = 3), encouragement (n = 3), proving instrumental support (n = 2), and modelling (n = 2). ⁱ Peer influence included a number of regular playmates (n = 1), peer support (n = 1), and peer modeling (n = 1). ^j Other support included having play space at friend’s or relative’s house (n = 1), support/reinforcement from adults other than parents (n – 1), social support (n = 1), and social capital on obesity and child’s physical activity (n = 1). ^k Residential building characteristics included living in a building with outdoor space (n = 1) and living in a neighborhood with dead-end (n = 1). IM: Independent mobility; OP: Outdoor play; OT: Outdoor time; PA: Physical activity