Table 4 Selection of suggested PEN key socio-demographic, economic, and equity indicators

 Age

Age in completed years

 Level of education

Level of education according to ISCED 2011

 Sex

Sex: Male, Female, other

 Employment status

Main activity status: employed, unemployed, retired, unable to work due to long standing health problems, student/pupil, fulfilling domestic tasks, compulsory military or civilian service, other [34, 47].

 Migration background

People having migration background

 Risk of poverty or social exclusion rate

Sum of persons who are: at risk of poverty or severely materially deprived or living in households with very low work intensity.

 Income quintile ratio

The ratio of total income received by the 20% of the population with the highest income (top quintile) to that received by the 20% of the population with the lowest income (lowest quintile). Income must be understood as equivalised disposable income*.

 Gini coefficient

Defined as the relationship of cumulative shares of the population arranged according to the level of equivalised disposable income*, to the cumulative share of the equivalised total disposable income received by them.

 Gross domestic product (GDP)

It is a basic measure of the overall size of a country’s economy. Equal to the sum of the gross value added of all resident institutional units engaged in production, plus any taxes on products and minus any subsidies on products. Gross value added is the difference between output and intermediate consumption.

 Employment rate

The percentage of employed persons in relation to the comparable total population. For the overall employment rate, the comparison is made with the population of working-age; but employment rates can also be calculated for a particular age group and/or gender in a specific geographical area (for example the males of age 15–24 employed versus total in one European Union Member State).