What do Australian adults eat for breakfast? A latent variable mixture modelling approach for understanding combinations of foods at eating occasions

Leech, Rebecca M.; Boushey, Carol J.; McNaughton, Sarah A.

doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01115-w

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 5 Sociodemographic and health characteristics of Australian men and women breakfast consumers and their associations with breakfast food profiles^1 − 3

From: What do Australian adults eat for breakfast? A latent variable mixture modelling approach for understanding combinations of foods at eating occasions

	All breakfast consumers	Wholegrain cereals & milks	Protein-foods	Bread & spreads 1	Mixed cereals & milks	Bread & spreads 2	P value
		*Men (n = 3545)*
Age (years, mean (95% confidence interval))	47.0 (46.6, 47.4)	49.6 (47.7, 51.5)^a	42.7 (41.0, 44.4)^bd	54.7 (53.2, 56.1)^c	45.1 (43.9, 46.2)^d	40.2 (38.5, 41.9)^be	< 0.001
Country of birth (%)							< 0.001
Australia	68	74	61	69	69	65
Mainly English speaking	12	13	10	13	13	8
All other countries	20	12	29	18	18	27
Education level (%)							< 0.05
Low	22	17	20	26	23	23
Medium	53	51	55	53	55	53
High	25	32	25	21	22	25
Weekly income (quintiles, %)⁴							< 0.05
First: <$398	16	13	13	21	17	16
Second: $399–638	16	13	19	19	15	13
Third: $639–958	21	19	21	20	20	24
Fourth: $959–1438	23	27	22	20	24	24
Fifth: ≥ $1439	24	28	25	21	24	22
Geographic region (%)							< 0.001
Major cities of Australia	70	73	73	63	71	74
Inner regional cities	20	17	15	25	20	19
Other areas (rural/remote)	10	10	12	12	9	8
Social status (%)							< 0.001
Married	64	71	58	72	60	57
Not married	36	29	42	28	41	43
Hours worked (past week, %)							< 0.001
None	33	31	29	45	31	23
< 40 h	27	28	26	22	27	32
≥ 40 h	41	41	44	33	43	45
Smoking status (%)							< 0.001
Current smoker	16	10	26	14	16	19
Former smoker	37	38	36	46	34	29
Never smoker	47	52	39	40	49	52
Met PA guidelines (%)⁵	45	51	43	42	42	50	< 0.05
		*Women (n = 4127)*
Age (y, mean (95% confidence interval))	48.5 (48.1, 48.9)	52.1 (50.1, 54.1)^a	40.9 (38.8, 43.0)^b	52.0 (50.0, 54.1)^a	47.1 (46.2, 48.1)^c	49.1 (47.2, 50.9)^ac	< 0.001
Country of birth (%)							< 0.001
Australia	70	76	60	70	70	69
Mainly English speaking	11	13	8	12	12	9
All other countries	19	11	32	18	18	22
Education level (%)							0.09
Low	29	30	21	30	28	33
Medium	43	42	51	44	42	42
High	28	28	28	26	30	25
Weekly income (quintiles, %)⁴							0.06
First: <$398	21	17	24	22	21	23
Second: $399–638	19	21	13	22	19	21
Third: $639–958	19	18	20	20	18	22
Fourth: $959–1438	21	23	21	21	21	20
Fifth: ≥ $1439	19	22	23	16	21	14
Geographic region (%)							0.46
Major cities of Australia	73	73	78	69	72	73
Inner regional cities	18	19	13	21	18	18
Other areas (rural/remote)	9	8	9	10	9	9
Social status (%)							< 0.01
Married/defacto	58	62	51	59	56	65
Not married	42	38	49	41	44	35
Hours worked (past week, %)							< 0.01
None	46	47	40	51	43	49
< 40 h	37	38	43	33	37	38
≥ 40 h	17	15	17	16	20	14
Smoking status (%)							< 0.05
Current smoker	13	9	14	15	13	13
Former smoker	28	32	25	30	26	27
Never smoker	59	59	61	55	61	60
Met PA guidelines (%)⁵	42	49	44	43	42	36	< 0.05

¹Values are weighted means (95% confidence interval) for continuous variables and weighted proportions for categorical variables
²Different superscript letters indicate significant differences between profiles, assessed using a F-test with Bonferroni correction for continuous variables. Differences between profiles for categorical variables were assessed using an adjusted Pearson Chi2 test
³The Breads and spreads profiles were differentiated by their accompanying beverages for men (Profile 1: coffee/tea; Profile 2: Sugar-sweetened beverages) and by bread grain varieties for women (Profile 1: wholegrain; Profile 2: refined grain)
⁴n = 2258 men and n = 2586 women due to missing cases for income
⁵Whether met physical activity (PA) guidelines of 150 min and 5 sessions per week

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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