Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of included studies
Study Name (Year, Country/ Region) | Research Design | Participant Characteristics | Intervention Components | Outcome Measures | Main Findings | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (Age Range; Gender-M%; Diagnostic Methods) | Age (Control) | Sample Size (IG/CG) | Exercise Sessions | Setting | Program (Control) | Type | Intensity | Frequency | Length (mins) | ||||
Kang et al.a (2011, Korea) [77] | RCT | 7–12; M-100%; K-ARS-PT | 8.4 ± 0.9 (8.6 ± 1.2) | 28 (15/13) | Chronic | NR | Sports Therapy (Education) | CEE | NR | 90-min/session, twice/wk | 6 wk. (1080) | • WM: Digit Symbol Test • CF: TMT | • WM+(p = 0.02) • CF+(p = 0.04) |
Chang et al.a (2012, Taiwan) [28] | RCT | 8–13; M-93%; DSM-4 | 10.45 ± 0.95 (10.42 ± 0.87) | 40 (20/20) | Acute | Clinical | Running (Watching video) | AE | Moderate | 30-min/session/ | 1 session (30) | • IC: Stroop • CF: WCST | • IC+(p < 0.01) • CF+(p < 0.05) |
Verret et al.a (2012, Canada) [69] | nRCT | 7–12; M-90%; DSM-4 | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 21 (10/11) | Chronic | School | PA programs | CEE | MVPA (77% HRmax) | 45-min/session, 3 times/wk | 10 wk. (1350) | • IC: TEAC | • IC+(p = 0.05) |
Gawrilow et al.a (2013, Germany) [75] | RCT | 8–13; M-100%; ICD-10 | 10.47 ± 1.49 | 47 (23/24) | Acute | Clinical | Trampoline (Coloring in pictures) | AE | Vigorous | 5-min/session | 1 session (5) | • IC: GNG | • IC+(p < 0.05) |
Pontifex et al. (2013, USA) [67] | Crossover | 8–10; M-70%, DSM-4 | 9.46 ± 0.4 (9.8 ± 0.1) | 40(20/20TD) | Acute | Clinical | Running (Reading) | AE | Moderate (65–75% HRmax) | 20-min/session | 1 session (20) | • IC: Flanker task | • IC+(d = 0.09) |
Chang et al.a (2014, Taiwan) [72] | nRCT | 5–10; M-85%; DSM-4 | 8.78 ± 8.33 (8.19 ± 7.65) | 27 (14/13) | Chronic | Community | Aquatic exercise | AE | Moderate | 90-min/session, twice/wk | 8 wk. (1440) | • IC: GNG | • IC+(p = 0.004) |
Choi et al.a (2015, Korea) [73] | RCT | 13–18; M-100%; DSM-4 | 15.8 ± 1.7 (16.0 ± 1.2) | 30 (13/17) | Chronic | NR | Sports Therapy (Education) | CEE | Light (60% HRmax) | 90-min/session, 3 times/wk | 6 wk. (1620) | • CF: WCST | • CF+(p = 0.03) |
Chuang et al. (2015, Taiwan) [74] | RCO | 8–12; M-84%; Psychiatric physician | 9.42 ± 1.38 | 19 | Acute | Clinical | Running (Watching video) | AE | MVPA (60% HRR) | 30-min/session | 1 session (30) | • IC: GNG | • IC+(p = 0.0039) • shorter RT in Go • stimuli |
Piepmeier et al. (2015, USA) [66] | RCO | 8–13; M-63%; Single question | 10.14 ± 1.96 (11.22 ± 2.43) | 32 (14/18TD) | Acute | Clinical | Cycling (Watching video) | AE | Moderate | 30-min/session | 1 session (30) | • IC: Stroop • CF: TMT • WM: TOL | • IC+(p = 0.004) • CF00(p > 0.05) • WM00(p > 0.05) |
Ziereis & Jansena (2015, Germany) [71] | RCT | 7–12; M-74%; ICD-10 | IG1 9.2 ± 1.3 IG2 9.6 ± 1.6 (9.5 ± 1.4) | 39 (IG112, IG211/16) | Chronic | Gym | G1: aerobic & motor skills; IG2: aerobic | AE & CEE | NR | 60-min/session/wk | 12 wk. (720) | • WM: DSFBT; LNST | • WM+(p < 0.0 • measured by LNST |
Bustamante et al.a (2016, USA) [70] | RCT | 6–12; M-69%: DSM-4 | 9.4 ± 2.2 (8.7 ± 2.0) | 34 (18/16) | Chronic | School | Cooperative games & sports (art project) | CEE | Moderate (75% HRmax) | 90-min/session, 5 times/wk | 10 wk. (4500) | • IC: STOPIT • WM: AWMA | • IC+(d = 0.67) • WM+(d = 0.29) |
Hung et al. (2016, Taiwan) [76] | Crossover | 8–12; M-97%; ADHD test | 10.24 ± 1.78 (10.20 ± 1.09) | 34 | Acute | Clinical | Running (Watching video) | AE | MVPA (50–70% HRR) | 30-min/session | 1 session (30) | • CF: Task Switching Paradigm | • CF+(p < 0.05) • shorter RT in global • switch costs |
Memarmoghaddam et al.a (2016, Iran) [64] | RCT | 7–11; NR SNAP-4 | 8.31 ± 1.29 (8.29 ± 1.31) | 36 (19/17) | Chronic | Gym | AE & goal-directed exercise | CEE | MVPA (65–80% HRR) | 90-min/session, 3 times/wk | 8 wk. (2160) | • CF: Stroop • IC: GNG | • CF+(p = 0.00) • IC+(p = 0.00) |
Pan et al.a (2016, Taiwan) [34] | RCT | 6–12; M-100%; DSM-4 | 8.93 ± 1.49 (8.87 ± 1.56) | 32 (16/16) | Chronic | Gym | Table tennis | CEE | NR | 70-min/session, twice/wk | 12 wk. (1680) | • IC: Stroop | • IC+(p < 0.01) |
Lee et al.a (2017, Korea) [61] | RCT | 6–10; M-100% DSM-4 | 8.83 ± 0.98 (8.83 ± 0.98) | 12 (6/6) | Chronic | NR | Jump rope & ball skills | CEE | MVPA (45–75% HRR) | 60-min/session, 3 times/wk | 12 wk. (2160) | • IC: Stroop | • IC+(p < 0.01) |
Ludyga et al. (2017, Switzerland) [62] | Crossover | 11–16; M-62%; DSM-4 | 12.8 ± 1.8 (13.5 ± 1.3) | 34 (16/18TD) | Acute | Clinical | Cycling & Coordinative exercise (Watching video) | AE & CEE | Moderate (65–70% HRmax) | 20-min/session | 1 session (15) | • IC: Flanker task | • IC+(p < 0.001) • decrease of RT • following exercise |
Benzing et al.a (2018, Switzerland) [50] | RCT | 8–12; M-83%; ICD-10 | 10.46 ± 1.35 (10.50 ± 1.41) | 46 (24/22) | Acute | Home | Exergaming (Watching video) | CEE | MVPA | 15-min/session | 1 session (30) | • WM: CSB • IC: Flanker task • CF: Flanker task | • WM00(p = 0.995) • IC+(p < 0.05) • CF+(p < 0.05) |
Benzing & Schmidta (2019, Switzerland) [60] | RCT | 8–12; 84%; ICD-10 | 10.46 ± 1.30 (10.39 ± 1.44) | 51 (28/23) | Chronic | Home | Exergaming (Watching video) | CEE | MVPA | 30-min/session, 3 times/wk | 8 wk. (720) | • WM: CSB • IC: Simon task • CF: Flanker task | • WM00(p = 0.482) • IC+(p < 0.049) • CF+(p < 0.029) |
Pan et al.a (2019, Taiwan) [65] | nRCT | 7–12; M-100%; DSM-4 | 9.08 ± 1.43 (8.90 ± 1.66) TD 9.14 ± 1.54 | 60 (15IG/15CG/30TD-CG) | Chronic | Gym | Table tennis | CEE | NR | 70-min/session, twice/wk | 12 wk. (1680) | • IC: Stroop • CF: WCST | • IC+(p = 0.41) • CF+(p < 0.05) |
Silva et al.a (2019, Brazil) [68] | RCT | 11–14, M-70%, DSM-4 | 12.0 ± 2.0 (12.0 ± 1.0) | 20 (10/10) | Chronic | Community | Swimming | AE | NR | 45-min/session, twice/wk | 8 wk. (720) | • CF: The Test of Trails | • CF+(p = 0.042) |
Ludyga et al. (2020, Switzerland) [63] | Crossover | 11–16; M-65%; DSM-5 | 12.8 ± 1.8 (13.5 ± 1.3) | 34 (16/18TD) | Acute | Clinical | Cycling (Watching video) | AE | Moderate (65–70% HRmax) | 20-min/session | 1 session (20) | • CF: The Alternate Uses Task | • CF+(p = 0.43) • higher task performance scores following exercise |