Table 2 MAPS-Global item-level and subscale levels of consistency and descriptive statistics for in-country in-field observers versus remote online observers

Destinations & Land Use (DLU)

Positive Destinations & Land Use

  Residential Mix

4 (0–3)

†: 2.60 (1.00)

‡: 2.89 (0.85)

5 (2.6 %)

3 (1.5 %)

0.47 (0.35, 0.57)

Single family, multi-family, mixed, apartment over retail

  Shops

8 (0–28)

†: 5.12 (5.65)

‡: 4.02 (4.11)

57 (29.1 %)

57 (29.1 %)

0.71 (0.68, 0.77)

Grocery, convenience store, bakery, drugstore, other retail, shopping mall, strip mall, open-air market

  Restaurant-Entertainment

4 (0–20)

†: 2.74 (3.53)

‡: 2.10 (2.84)

81 (41.3 %)

95 (48.5 %)

0.64 (0.54, 0.71)

Fast food, sit-down, café, entertainment

  Institutional-Service

3 (0–15)

†: 4.61 (4.15)

‡: 2.92 (3.34)

43 (21.9 %)

77 (39.3 %)

0.65 (0.56, 0.72)

Bank, health-related professional, other service

  Worship

1 (0–5)

†: 0.28 (0.60)

‡: 0.22 (0.61)

148 (75.5 %)

165 (84.2 %)

0.56 (0.46, 0.65)

Place of worship

  School

1 (0–5)

†: 0.87 (1.27)

‡: 0.34 (0.58)

95 (48.5 %)

140 (71.4 %)

0.18 (0.04, 0.37)

School land use

  Public Recreation

4 (0–20)

†: 0.51 (0.73)

‡: 0.46 (0.75)

120 (61.2 %)

130 (66.3 %)

0.47 (0.35, 0.57)

Public indoor, public outdoor facility, park, trail

  Private Recreation

2 (0–10)

†: 0.18 (0.49)

‡: 0.15 (0.40)

169 (86.2 %)

170 (86.7 %)

0.27 (0.14, 0.40)

Private indoor, private outdoor facility

  Pedestrian Street

1 (0–5)

†: 0.18 (0.53)

‡: 0.16 (0.46)

155 (79.1 %)

171 (87.2 %)

0.34 (0.21, 0.46)

Pedestrian street/zone

Negative Destinations & Land Use

  Age-restricted bar or nightclub

1 (0–5)

†: 0.14 (0.50)

‡: 0.33 (0.78)

140 (74.1 %)

156 (79.6 %)

0.04 (-0.10, 0.18)

Age-restricted bar/nightclub

  Liquor or alcohol store

1 (0–5)

†: 0.04 (0.19)

‡: 0.06 (0.26)

180 (91.8 %)

186 (94.9 %)

0.16 (0.02, 0.29)

Liquor or alcohol store

  Positive DLU

28 (0-111)

†: 16.46 (13.58)

‡: 12.20 (9.68)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.69 (0.60, 0.75)

Sum of the positive DLU subscales

  Negative DLU

2 (0–10)

†: 0.29 (0.82)

‡: 0.44 (0.93)

161 (82.1 %)

143 (73.0 %)

0.06 (-0.08, 0.20)

Sum of the negative DLU subscales

  Overall DLU

30

†: 16.18 (13.41)

‡: 11.76 (9.32)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.66 (0.59, 0.75)

Positive DLU - Negative DLU

Streetscape Characteristics

  Positive Streetscape

22 (0–29)

†: 7.19 (4.56)

‡: 5.51 (3.88)

15 (7.7 %)

25 (12.8 %)

0.66 (0.58, 0.73)

Transit, traffic calming, trash bins, benches, bike racks, bike lockers, bike docking stations, kiosks, hawkers.

Aesthetics & Social Characteristics

  Positive Aesthetics/Social

4 (0–4)

†: 0.81 (0.84)

‡: 1.56 (1.15)

82 (41.8 %)

47 (24.0 %)

0.09 (-0.05, 0.23)

Hardscape, water, softscape, landscaping

  Negative Aesthetics/Social

6 (0–6)

†: 2.86 (1.44)

‡: 1.76 (1.50)

12 (6.1 %)

57 (29.1 %)

0.16 (0.02, 0.30)

Buildings not maintained, graffiti, litter, dog fouling, physical disorder, highway near

  Overall Aesthetics/Social

10

†: -2.05 (1.81)

‡: -0.19 (2.42)

16 (8.2 %)

24 (12.2 %)

0.11 (-0.03, 0.24)

Positive Aesthetics/Social - Negative Aesthetics/Social

Crossings/Intersections

Positive Crossing Subscales

  Crosswalk Amenities

7 (0–7)

†: 0.88 (0.93)

‡: 1.03 (1.09)

69 (38.8 %)

76 (42.7 %)

0.85 (0.80, 0.88)

Crossing aids, marked crosswalk, high visibility striping, different material, curb extension, raised crosswalk, refuge islands

  Curb Quality & Presence

3 (0–6)

†: 4.24 (1.42)

‡: 3.33 (2.09)

3 (1.7 %)

24 (13.5 %)

0.53 (0.41, 0.62)

Curb presence, curb ramps lined up, tactile paving

  Intersection Control & Signage

7 (0–7)

†: 1.03 (0.82)

‡: 1.08 (0.79)

26 (14.6 %)

27 (15.2 %)

0.82 (0.77, 0.87)

Yield signs, stop signs, traffic signal, traffic circle, pedestrian walk signals, push buttons, countdown signal

  Bicycle Features

3 (0–3)

†: 0.04 (0.17)

‡: 0.04 (0.12)

168 (94.4 %)

163 (91.6 %)

0.65 (0.55, 0.72)

Waiting area, bike lane crossing the crossing, bike signal

  Overpass

1 (0–1)

†: 0.01 (0.08)

‡: 0.04 (0.16)

185 (97.4 %)

178 (93.7 %)

0.02 (-0.12, 0.17)

Crossing on pedestrian overpass, bridge

Negative Crossing Subscales

  Road Width

1 (0–2)

†: 0.19 (0.42)

‡: 0.54 (0.54)

73 (41.0 %)

141 (79.2 %)

0.40 (0.26, 0.51)

Distance of crossing leg

  Positive Crossing

21 (0–24)

†: 6.20 (2.78)

‡: 5.49 (3.35)

2 (1.1 %)

7 (3.9 %)

0.82 (0.77, 0.87)

Sum of the positive crossing subscales

  Negative Crossing

1 (0–2)

†: 0.19 (0.42)

‡: 0.54 (0.54)

73 (41.0 %)

141 (79.2 %)

0.40 (0.26, 0.51)

Sum of the negative crossing subscales

  Overall Crossing

22

†: 6.01 (2.54)

‡: 4.94 (3.27)

2 (1.1 %)

1 (0.6 %)

0.76 (0.69, 0.82)

Positive Crossing - Negative Crossing

Street Segments

Positive Segment Subscales

  Building Height-Setback

4 (0–10)

†: 6.11 (3.71)

‡: 5.83 (3.13)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.84 (0.80, 0.88)

Building height, smallest and largest setback

  Building Height-Road Width Ratio

5 (0–3)

†: 1.17 (1.06)

‡: 1.20 (0.91)

55 (30.2 %)

25 (13.7 %)

0.56 (0.45, 0.65)

Building height, setback and road width

  Buffer

2 (0–5)

†: 3.01 (1.61)

‡: 2.80 (1.38)

18 (10.0 %)

11 (6.1 %)

0.40 (0.27, 0.51)

Parking along street, buffer

  Bike Infrastructure

3 (0–5)

†: 0.29 (1.08)

‡: 0.33 (0.88)

178 (95.2 %)

153 (81.8 %)

0.57 (0.47, 0.66)

Bike lane presence, quality, signage

  Shade

3 (0–6)

†: 0.16 (0.41)

‡: 0.11 (0.32)

163 (85.8 %)

168 (88.4 %)

0.76 (0.69, 0.81)

Number of trees, sidewalk coverage, shade

  Sidewalk

2 (0–6)

†: 19.55 (6.18)

‡: 18.81 (4.70)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.76 (0.69, 0.81)

Sidewalk presence and width

  Pedestrian infrastructure

5 (0–5)

†: 1.07 (0.78)

‡: 1.22 (0.55)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.39 (0.26, 0.51)

Mid-segment crossing, pedestrian bridge, covered place to walk, street lights

  Building Aesthetics and Design

1 (0–2)

†: 1.34 (0.67)

‡: 1.19 (0.67)

25 (13.2 %)

22 (11.6 %)

0.53 (0.42, 0.63)

Street windows

  Informal Path or Shortcut

1 (0–1)

†: 0.13 (0.26)

‡: 0.02 (0.10)

160 (84.2 %)

187 (98.4 %)

0.07 (-0.07, 0.21)

Informal path connecting to something else

  Hawkers/Shops

1 (0–2)

†: 0.14 (0.43)

‡: 0.00 (0.02)

172 (90.5 %)

190 (100.0 %)

-0.03 (0.17, 0.11)

Hawkers/shops on sidewalk/pedestrian zone

Negative Segment Subscales

  Sidewalk

7 (0–13)

†: 3.31 (3.39)

‡: 2.24 (1.75)

33 (17.7 %)

20 (10.8 %)

0.28 (0.15, 0.41)

Non-continuous sidewalk, trip hazards, obstructions, cars blocking walkway, slope, gates, driveways

  Positive Segment

27 (0–45)

†: 19.55 (6.18)

‡: 18.81 (4.70)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.76 (0.69, 0.81)

Sum of the positive segment subscales

  Negative Segment

7 (0–13)

†: 3.21 (2.49)

‡: 2.25 (1.75)

11 (5.9 %)

27 (14.4 %)

0.52 (0.41, 0.62)

Sum of the negative segment subscales

  Overall Segment

34

†: 16.15 (8.56)

‡: 16.54 (5.95)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.73 (0.65, 0.79)

Positive Segment - Negative Segment

Overall Valence and Grand Scores

  Overall Positive

102 (0-210)

†: 10.04 (5.59)

‡: 8.71 (4.55)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.60 (0.52, 0.68)

Positive DLU, positive streetscape, positive aesthetics/social, positive segment (mean of all segments), positive crossing (mean of all segments).

  Overall Negative

16 (0–22)

†: 1.63 (1.29)

‡: 1.25 (1.18)

11 (5.6 %)

27 (13.8 %)

0.29 (0.15, 0.41)

Negative DLU, negative aesthetics/social, negative segment (mean of all segments), negative crossing (mean of all crossings).

  Overall Grand Score

118

†: 22.08 (15.55)

‡: 18.21 (11.17)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.75 (0.68, 0.80)

Overall Positive - Overall Negative

Cross-Domain Subscales

  Pedestrian Infrastructure

13 (0–27)

†: 7.90 (2.51)

‡: 7.48 (2.41)

3 (1.7 %)

2 (1.1 %)

0.69 (0.60–0.76)

Trail, pedestrian zone, sidewalk presence/width, buffer, shortcut, mid-segment crossing, pedestrian bridge, air-conditioned place to walk, low lights, overpass, crosswalk, refuge island

  Pedestrian Design

13 (0–21)

†: 10.23 (4.00)

‡: 8.76 (4.00)

1 (0.6 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.82 (0.76–0.86)

Open-air market, trash cans, benches, kiosks, hawkers and shops, setback, visibility, pedestrian walk signals, push buttons, countdown signals, ramps, crossing aids

  Bicycle Facilities

9 (0–11)

†: 0.78 (1.31)

‡: 0.77 (1.19)

119 (68.0 %)

97 (55.4 %)

0.73 (0.65–0.79)

Bike racks, docking stations, lockers, bike lane, bike lane quality, signs, bike signal, bike box, bike lane perpendicular to the crossing