Table 3 MAPS-Global item-level and subscale inter-rater reliability and descriptive statistics for in-country online observers versus remote online observers
| Variable Descriptiona | # items (range of scores) | Mean (S.D.) | Null Count (%) | ICC, CI (95 % Lower & Upper Bound) | Sample items and overall subscale description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Destinations & Land Use (DLU) | |||||
| Positive Destinations & Land Use | |||||
| Residential Mix | 4 (0–3) |
†: 2.62 (0.99) ‡: 2.89 (0.85) |
3 (1.5 %) 3 (1.5 %) | 0.48 (0.37, 0.58) | Single family, multi-family, mixed, apartment over retail |
| Shops | 8 (0–28) |
†: 4.10 (4.70) ‡: 4.02 (4.11) |
60 (30.5 %) 57 (29.1 %) | 0.89 (0.86, 0.92) | Grocery, convenience store, bakery, drugstore, other retail, shopping mall, strip mall, open-air market |
| Restaurant-Entertainment | 4 (0–20) |
†: 4.10 (4.70) ‡: 2.10 (2.84) |
93 (47.2 %) 95 (48.5 %) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | Fast food, sit-down, café, entertainment |
| Institutional-Service | 3 (0–15) |
†: 3.67 (3.83) ‡: 2.92 (3.34) |
61 (31.0 %) 77 (39.3 %) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.88) | Bank, health-related professional, other service |
| Worship | 1 (0–5) |
†: 0.19 (0.48) ‡: 0.22 (0.61) |
166 (84.3 %) 165 (84.2 %) | 0.56 (0.46, 0.65) | Place of worship |
| School | 1 (0–5) |
†: 0.55 (0.84) ‡: 0.34 (0.58) |
120 (60.9 %) 140 (71.4 %) | 0.50 (0.38, 0.59) | School land use |
| Public Recreation | 4 (0–20) |
†: 0.49 (0.81) ‡: 0.46 (0.75) |
130 (66.3 %) 130 (66.3 %) | 0.60 (0.50, 0.68) | Public indoor, public outdoor facility, park, trail |
| Private Recreation | 2 (0–10) |
†: 0.16 (0.48) ‡: 0.15 (0.40) |
173 (87.8 %) 170 (86.7 %) | 0.27 (0.13, 0.39) | Private indoor, private outdoor facility |
| Pedestrian Street | 1 (0–5) |
†: 0.22 (0.65) ‡: 0.16 (0.46) |
170 (86.7 %) 171 (87.2 %) | 0.45 (0.33, 0.56) | Pedestrian street/zone |
| Negative Destinations & Land Use | |||||
| Age-restricted bar or nightclub | 1 (0–5) |
†: 0.13 (0.42) ‡: 0.33 (0.78) |
177 (89.8 %) 156 (79.6 %) | 0.17 (0.03, 0.31) | Age-restricted bar/nightclub |
| Liquor or alcohol store | 1 (0–5) |
†: 0.04 (0.26) ‡: 0.06 (0.26) |
190 (96.4 %) 186 (94.9 %) | 0.39 (0.27, 0.50) | Liquor or alcohol store |
| Positive DLU | 28 (0-111) |
†: 13.50 (11.49) ‡: 12.20 (9.68) |
0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.92 (0.89, 0.93) | Sum of the positive DLU subscales |
| Negative DLU | 2 (0–10) |
†: 0.35 (0.95) ‡: 0.44 (0.93) |
158 (80.2 %) 143 (73.0 %) | 0.30 (0.17, 0.42) | Sum of the negative DLU subscales |
| Overall DLU | 30 |
†: 13.16 (11.50) ‡: 11.76 (9.32) |
0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.89 (0.86, 0.92) | Positive DLU - Negative DLU |
| Streetscape Characteristics | |||||
| Positive Streetscape | 22 (0–29) |
†: 6.26 (3.81) ‡: 5.51 (3.88) |
12 (6.1 %) 25 (12.8 %) | 0.62 (0.52, 0.69) | Transit, traffic calming, trash bins, benches, bike racks, bike lockers, bike docking stations, kiosks, hawkers. |
| Aesthetics & Social Characteristics | |||||
| Positive Aesthetics/Social | 4 (0–4) |
†: 0.99 (0.83) ‡: 1.56 (1.15) |
57 (28.9 %) 47 (24.0 %) | 0.21 (0.08, 0.34) | Hardscape, water, softscape, landscaping |
| Negative Aesthetics/Social | 6 (0–6) |
†: 2.13 (1.46) ‡: 1.76 (1.50) |
37 (18.8 %) 57 (29.1 %) | 0.54 (0.43, 0.63) | Buildings not maintained, graffiti, litter, dog fouling, physical disorder, highway near |
| Overall Aesthetics/Social | 10 |
†: -1.13 (1.91) ‡: -0.19 (2.42) |
30 (15.2 %) 24 (12.2 %) | 0.47 (0.35, 0.57) | Positive Aesthetics/Social - Negative Aesthetics/Social |
| Crossings/Intersections | |||||
| Positive Crossing Subscales | |||||
| Crosswalk Amenities | 7 (0–7) |
†: 1.17 (1.38) ‡: 1.03 (1.09) |
92 (51.9 %) 76 (42.7 %) | 0.81 (0.78, 0.84) | Crossing aids, marked crosswalk, high visibility striping, different material, curb extension, raised crosswalk, refuge islands |
| Curb Quality & Presence | 3 (0–6) |
†: 4.11 (1.78) ‡: 3.33 (2.09) |
16 (9.0 %) 24 (13.5 %) | 0.46 (0.38, 0.53) | Curb presence, curb ramps lined up, tactile paving |
| Intersection Control & Signage | 7 (0–7) |
†: 0.95 (1.06) ‡: 1.08 (0.79) |
74 (41.6 %) 27 (15.2 %) | 0.73 (0.68, 0.77) | Yield signs, stop signs, traffic signal, traffic circle, pedestrian walk signals, push buttons, countdown signal |
| Bicycle Features | 3 (0–3) |
†: 0.04 (0.24) ‡: 0.04 (0.12) |
172 (96.5 %) 163 (91.6 %) | 0.48 (0.41, 0.55) | Waiting area, bike lane crossing the crossing, bike signal |
| Overpass | 1 (0–1) |
†: 0.01 (0.09) ‡: 0.04 (0.16) |
171 (96.1 %) 178 (93.7 %) | 0.24 (0.16 0.33) | Crossing on pedestrian overpass, bridge |
| Negative Crossing Subscales | |||||
| Road Width | 1 (0–2) |
†: 0.14 (0.44) ‡: 0.54 (0.54) |
159 (89.5 %) 141 (79.2 %) | 0.39 (0.31, 0.46) | Distance of crossing leg |
| Positive Crossing | 21 (0–24) |
†: 6.34 (3.60) ‡: 5.49 (3.35) |
11 (6.3 %) 7 (3.9 %) | 0.75 (0.71, 0.79) | Sum of the positive crossing subscales |
| Negative Crossing | 1 (0–2) |
†: 0.14 (0.44) ‡: 0.54 (0.54) |
159 (89.5 %) 141 (79.2 %) | 0.39 (0.31, 0.46) | Sum of the negative crossing subscales |
| Overall Crossing | 22 |
†: 6.22 (3.45) ‡: 4.94 (3.27) |
11 (6.2 %) 1 (0.6 %) | 0.70 (0.65, 0.75) | Positive Crossing - Negative Crossing |
| Street Segments | |||||
| Positive Segment Subscales | |||||
| Building Height-Setback | 4 (0–10) |
†: 6.00 (3.33) ‡: 5.83 (3.13) |
0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.75 (0.72, 0.78) | Building height, smallest and largest setback |
| Building Height-Road Width Ratio | 5 (0–3) |
†: 1.24 (1.07) ‡: 1.20 (0.91) |
51 (28.0 %) 25 (13.7 %) | 0.63 (0.58, 0.67) | Building height, setback and road width |
| Buffer | 2 (0–5) |
†: 3.24 (1.78) ‡: 2.80 (1.38) |
23 (12.6 %) 11 (6.1 %) | 0.58 (0.53, 0.63) | Parking along street, buffer |
| Bike Infrastructure | 3 (0–5) |
†: 0.36 (1.16) ‡: 0.33 (0.88) |
41 (21.4 %) 153 (81.8 %) | 0.58 (0.76, 0.81) | Bike lane presence, quality, signage |
| Shade | 3 (0–6) |
†: 1.70 (1.39) ‡: 0.11 (0.32) |
41 (21.4 %) 168 (88.4 %) | 0.53 (0.47, 0.58) | Number of trees, sidewalk coverage, shade |
| Sidewalk | 2 (0–6) |
†: 5.14 (1.19) ‡: 18.81 (4.70) |
5 0 (5.5 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.62 (0.57, 0.66) | Sidewalk presence and width |
| Pedestrian infrastructure | 5 (0–5) |
†: 0.91 (0.71) ‡: 1.22 (0.55) |
0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.19 (0.11, 0.26) | Mid-segment crossing, pedestrian bridge, covered place to walk, street lights |
| Building Aesthetics and Design | 1 (0–2) |
†: 0.73 (0.82) ‡: 1.19 (0.67) |
96 (50.3 %) 22 (11.6 %) | 0.43 (0.36, 0.49) | Street windows |
| Informal Path or Shortcut | 1 (0–1) |
†: 2.19 (0.90) ‡: 0.02 (0.10) |
165 (86.9 %) 187 (98.4 %) | 0.49 (0.42, 0.54) | Informal path connecting to something else |
| Hawkers/Shops | 1 (0–2) |
†: 0.18 (0.67) ‡: 0.00 (0.02) |
183 (96.1 %) 190 (100.0 %) | 0.002 (-0.08, 0.08) | Hawkers/shops on sidewalk/pedestrian zone |
| Negative Segment Subscales | |||||
| Sidewalk | 7 (0–13) |
†: 2.64 (2.05) ‡: 2.24 (1.75) |
35 (19.0 %) 20 (10.8 %) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.68) | Non-continuous sidewalk, trip hazards, obstructions, cars blocking walkway, slope, gates, driveways |
| Positive Segment | 27 (0–45) |
†: 20.16 (6.05) ‡: 18.81 (4.70) |
0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.73 (0.69, 0.76) | Sum of the positive segment subscales |
| Negative Segment | 7 (0–13) |
†: 2.64 (2.05) ‡: 2.25 (1.75) |
36 (19.7 %) 27 (14.4 %) | 0.71 (0.68, 0.74) | Sum of the negative segment subscales |
| Overall Segment | 34 |
†: 17.50 (7.02) ‡: 16.54 (5.95) |
0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.77 (0.74, 0.80) | Positive Segment - Negative Segment |
| Overall Valence and Grand Scores | |||||
| Overall Positive | 102 (0-210) |
†: 9.45 (5.16) ‡: 8.71 (4.55) |
0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.64 (0.57, 0.70) | Positive DLU, positive streetscape, positive aesthetics/social, positive segment (mean of all segments), positive crossing (mean of all segments). |
| Overall Negative | 16 (0–22) |
†: 1.31 (1.23) ‡: 1.25 (1.18) |
37 (18.8 %) 27 (13.8 %) | 0.48 (0.39, 0.57) | Negative DLU, negative aesthetics/social, negative segment (mean of all segments), negative crossing (mean of all crossings). |
| Overall Grand Score | 118 |
†: 19.65 (12.47) ‡: 18.21 (11.17) |
0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.91 (0.88, 0.93) | Overall Positive - Overall Negative |
| Cross-Domain Subscales | |||||
| Pedestrian Infrastructure | 13 (0–27) |
†: 8.52 (2.43) ‡: 7.48 (2.41) |
0 (0.0 %) 2 (1.1 %) | 0.65 (0.55–0.72) | Trail, pedestrian zone, sidewalk presence/width, buffer, shortcut, mid-segment crossing, pedestrian bridge, air-conditioned place to walk, low lights, overpass, crosswalk, refuge island |
| Pedestrian Design | 13 (0–21) |
†: 10.06 (4.01) ‡: 8.76 (4.00) |
0 (0.0 %) 0 (0.0 %) | 0.74 (0.67–0.80) | Open-air market, trash cans, benches, kiosks, hawkers and shops, setback, visibility, pedestrian walk signals, push buttons, countdown signals, ramps, crossing aids |
| Bicycle Facilities | 9 (0–11) |
†: 0.83 (1.32) ‡: 0.77 (1.19) |
102 (58.0 %) 97 (55.4 %) | 0.80 (0.74–0.85) | Bike racks, docking stations, lockers, bike lane, bike lane quality, signs, bike signal, bike box, bike lane perpendicular to the crossing |