Table 3 MAPS-Global item-level and subscale inter-rater reliability and descriptive statistics for in-country online observers versus remote online observers

Destinations & Land Use (DLU)

Positive Destinations & Land Use

  Residential Mix

4 (0–3)

†: 2.62 (0.99)

‡: 2.89 (0.85)

3 (1.5 %)

3 (1.5 %)

0.48 (0.37, 0.58)

Single family, multi-family, mixed, apartment over retail

  Shops

8 (0–28)

†: 4.10 (4.70)

‡: 4.02 (4.11)

60 (30.5 %)

57 (29.1 %)

0.89 (0.86, 0.92)

Grocery, convenience store, bakery, drugstore, other retail, shopping mall, strip mall, open-air market

  Restaurant-Entertainment

4 (0–20)

†: 4.10 (4.70)

‡: 2.10 (2.84)

93 (47.2 %)

95 (48.5 %)

0.85 (0.81, 0.89)

Fast food, sit-down, café, entertainment

  Institutional-Service

3 (0–15)

†: 3.67 (3.83)

‡: 2.92 (3.34)

61 (31.0 %)

77 (39.3 %)

0.84 (0.79, 0.88)

Bank, health-related professional, other service

  Worship

1 (0–5)

†: 0.19 (0.48)

‡: 0.22 (0.61)

166 (84.3 %)

165 (84.2 %)

0.56 (0.46, 0.65)

Place of worship

  School

1 (0–5)

†: 0.55 (0.84)

‡: 0.34 (0.58)

120 (60.9 %)

140 (71.4 %)

0.50 (0.38, 0.59)

School land use

  Public Recreation

4 (0–20)

†: 0.49 (0.81)

‡: 0.46 (0.75)

130 (66.3 %)

130 (66.3 %)

0.60 (0.50, 0.68)

Public indoor, public outdoor facility, park, trail

  Private Recreation

2 (0–10)

†: 0.16 (0.48)

‡: 0.15 (0.40)

173 (87.8 %)

170 (86.7 %)

0.27 (0.13, 0.39)

Private indoor, private outdoor facility

  Pedestrian Street

1 (0–5)

†: 0.22 (0.65)

‡: 0.16 (0.46)

170 (86.7 %)

171 (87.2 %)

0.45 (0.33, 0.56)

Pedestrian street/zone

Negative Destinations & Land Use

  Age-restricted bar or nightclub

1 (0–5)

†: 0.13 (0.42)

‡: 0.33 (0.78)

177 (89.8 %)

156 (79.6 %)

0.17 (0.03, 0.31)

Age-restricted bar/nightclub

  Liquor or alcohol store

1 (0–5)

†: 0.04 (0.26)

‡: 0.06 (0.26)

190 (96.4 %)

186 (94.9 %)

0.39 (0.27, 0.50)

Liquor or alcohol store

  Positive DLU

28 (0-111)

†: 13.50 (11.49)

‡: 12.20 (9.68)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.92 (0.89, 0.93)

Sum of the positive DLU subscales

  Negative DLU

2 (0–10)

†: 0.35 (0.95)

‡: 0.44 (0.93)

158 (80.2 %)

143 (73.0 %)

0.30 (0.17, 0.42)

Sum of the negative DLU subscales

  Overall DLU

30

†: 13.16 (11.50)

‡: 11.76 (9.32)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.89 (0.86, 0.92)

Positive DLU - Negative DLU

Streetscape Characteristics

  Positive Streetscape

22 (0–29)

†: 6.26 (3.81)

‡: 5.51 (3.88)

12 (6.1 %)

25 (12.8 %)

0.62 (0.52, 0.69)

Transit, traffic calming, trash bins, benches, bike racks, bike lockers, bike docking stations, kiosks, hawkers.

Aesthetics & Social Characteristics

  Positive Aesthetics/Social

4 (0–4)

†: 0.99 (0.83)

‡: 1.56 (1.15)

57 (28.9 %)

47 (24.0 %)

0.21 (0.08, 0.34)

Hardscape, water, softscape, landscaping

  Negative Aesthetics/Social

6 (0–6)

†: 2.13 (1.46)

‡: 1.76 (1.50)

37 (18.8 %)

57 (29.1 %)

0.54 (0.43, 0.63)

Buildings not maintained, graffiti, litter, dog fouling, physical disorder, highway near

  Overall Aesthetics/Social

10

†: -1.13 (1.91)

‡: -0.19 (2.42)

30 (15.2 %)

24 (12.2 %)

0.47 (0.35, 0.57)

Positive Aesthetics/Social - Negative Aesthetics/Social

Crossings/Intersections

Positive Crossing Subscales

  Crosswalk Amenities

7 (0–7)

†: 1.17 (1.38)

‡: 1.03 (1.09)

92 (51.9 %)

76 (42.7 %)

0.81 (0.78, 0.84)

Crossing aids, marked crosswalk, high visibility striping, different material, curb extension, raised crosswalk, refuge islands

  Curb Quality & Presence

3 (0–6)

†: 4.11 (1.78)

‡: 3.33 (2.09)

16 (9.0 %)

24 (13.5 %)

0.46 (0.38, 0.53)

Curb presence, curb ramps lined up, tactile paving

  Intersection Control & Signage

7 (0–7)

†: 0.95 (1.06)

‡: 1.08 (0.79)

74 (41.6 %)

27 (15.2 %)

0.73 (0.68, 0.77)

Yield signs, stop signs, traffic signal, traffic circle, pedestrian walk signals, push buttons, countdown signal

  Bicycle Features

3 (0–3)

†: 0.04 (0.24)

‡: 0.04 (0.12)

172 (96.5 %)

163 (91.6 %)

0.48 (0.41, 0.55)

Waiting area, bike lane crossing the crossing, bike signal

  Overpass

1 (0–1)

†: 0.01 (0.09)

‡: 0.04 (0.16)

171 (96.1 %)

178 (93.7 %)

0.24 (0.16 0.33)

Crossing on pedestrian overpass, bridge

Negative Crossing Subscales

  Road Width

1 (0–2)

†: 0.14 (0.44)

‡: 0.54 (0.54)

159 (89.5 %)

141 (79.2 %)

0.39 (0.31, 0.46)

Distance of crossing leg

  Positive Crossing

21 (0–24)

†: 6.34 (3.60)

‡: 5.49 (3.35)

11 (6.3 %)

7 (3.9 %)

0.75 (0.71, 0.79)

Sum of the positive crossing subscales

  Negative Crossing

1 (0–2)

†: 0.14 (0.44)

‡: 0.54 (0.54)

159 (89.5 %)

141 (79.2 %)

0.39 (0.31, 0.46)

Sum of the negative crossing subscales

  Overall Crossing

22

†: 6.22 (3.45)

‡: 4.94 (3.27)

11 (6.2 %)

1 (0.6 %)

0.70 (0.65, 0.75)

Positive Crossing - Negative Crossing

Street Segments

Positive Segment Subscales

  Building Height-Setback

4 (0–10)

†: 6.00 (3.33)

‡: 5.83 (3.13)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.75 (0.72, 0.78)

Building height, smallest and largest setback

  Building Height-Road Width Ratio

5 (0–3)

†: 1.24 (1.07)

‡: 1.20 (0.91)

51 (28.0 %)

25 (13.7 %)

0.63 (0.58, 0.67)

Building height, setback and road width

  Buffer

2 (0–5)

†: 3.24 (1.78)

‡: 2.80 (1.38)

23 (12.6 %)

11 (6.1 %)

0.58 (0.53, 0.63)

Parking along street, buffer

  Bike Infrastructure

3 (0–5)

†: 0.36 (1.16)

‡: 0.33 (0.88)

41 (21.4 %)

153 (81.8 %)

0.58 (0.76, 0.81)

Bike lane presence, quality, signage

  Shade

3 (0–6)

†: 1.70 (1.39)

‡: 0.11 (0.32)

41 (21.4 %)

168 (88.4 %)

0.53 (0.47, 0.58)

Number of trees, sidewalk coverage, shade

  Sidewalk

2 (0–6)

†: 5.14 (1.19)

‡: 18.81 (4.70)

5 0 (5.5 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.62 (0.57, 0.66)

Sidewalk presence and width

  Pedestrian infrastructure

5 (0–5)

†: 0.91 (0.71)

‡: 1.22 (0.55)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.19 (0.11, 0.26)

Mid-segment crossing, pedestrian bridge, covered place to walk, street lights

  Building Aesthetics and Design

1 (0–2)

†: 0.73 (0.82)

‡: 1.19 (0.67)

96 (50.3 %)

22 (11.6 %)

0.43 (0.36, 0.49)

Street windows

  Informal Path or Shortcut

1 (0–1)

†: 2.19 (0.90)

‡: 0.02 (0.10)

165 (86.9 %)

187 (98.4 %)

0.49 (0.42, 0.54)

Informal path connecting to something else

  Hawkers/Shops

1 (0–2)

†: 0.18 (0.67)

‡: 0.00 (0.02)

183 (96.1 %)

190 (100.0 %)

0.002 (-0.08, 0.08)

Hawkers/shops on sidewalk/pedestrian zone

Negative Segment Subscales

  Sidewalk

7 (0–13)

†: 2.64 (2.05)

‡: 2.24 (1.75)

35 (19.0 %)

20 (10.8 %)

0.65 (0.62, 0.68)

Non-continuous sidewalk, trip hazards, obstructions, cars blocking walkway, slope, gates, driveways

  Positive Segment

27 (0–45)

†: 20.16 (6.05)

‡: 18.81 (4.70)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.73 (0.69, 0.76)

Sum of the positive segment subscales

  Negative Segment

7 (0–13)

†: 2.64 (2.05)

‡: 2.25 (1.75)

36 (19.7 %)

27 (14.4 %)

0.71 (0.68, 0.74)

Sum of the negative segment subscales

  Overall Segment

34

†: 17.50 (7.02)

‡: 16.54 (5.95)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.77 (0.74, 0.80)

Positive Segment - Negative Segment

Overall Valence and Grand Scores

  Overall Positive

102 (0-210)

†: 9.45 (5.16)

‡: 8.71 (4.55)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.64 (0.57, 0.70)

Positive DLU, positive streetscape, positive aesthetics/social, positive segment (mean of all segments), positive crossing (mean of all segments).

  Overall Negative

16 (0–22)

†: 1.31 (1.23)

‡: 1.25 (1.18)

37 (18.8 %)

27 (13.8 %)

0.48 (0.39, 0.57)

Negative DLU, negative aesthetics/social, negative segment (mean of all segments), negative crossing (mean of all crossings).

  Overall Grand Score

118

†: 19.65 (12.47)

‡: 18.21 (11.17)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.91 (0.88, 0.93)

Overall Positive - Overall Negative

Cross-Domain Subscales

  Pedestrian Infrastructure

13 (0–27)

†: 8.52 (2.43)

‡: 7.48 (2.41)

0 (0.0 %)

2 (1.1 %)

0.65 (0.55–0.72)

Trail, pedestrian zone, sidewalk presence/width, buffer, shortcut, mid-segment crossing, pedestrian bridge, air-conditioned place to walk, low lights, overpass, crosswalk, refuge island

  Pedestrian Design

13 (0–21)

†: 10.06 (4.01)

‡: 8.76 (4.00)

0 (0.0 %)

0 (0.0 %)

0.74 (0.67–0.80)

Open-air market, trash cans, benches, kiosks, hawkers and shops, setback, visibility, pedestrian walk signals, push buttons, countdown signals, ramps, crossing aids

  Bicycle Facilities

9 (0–11)

†: 0.83 (1.32)

‡: 0.77 (1.19)

102 (58.0 %)

97 (55.4 %)

0.80 (0.74–0.85)

Bike racks, docking stations, lockers, bike lane, bike lane quality, signs, bike signal, bike box, bike lane perpendicular to the crossing