Associations of park access, park use and physical activity in parks with wellbeing in an Asian urban environment: a cross-sectional study

Table 1 Participant characteristics

Characteristics	n (%)
Total	3435 (100)
Age, mean (SD)	48.8 (12.8)
Gender
Male	1540 (44.8)
Ethnicity
Chinese	2493 (72.6)
Malay	462 (13.4)
Indian	310 (9.0)
Others	170 (4.9)
Marital status
Single (never married)	540 (15.7)
Married	2569 (74.8)
Divorced/widowed/separated	326 (9.5)
Work status
Employed	2524 (73.5)
Household income (S$/month)
Less than 2000	548 (16.0)
2000 to 3999	650 (18.9)
4000 to 5999	700 (20.4)
6000 and above	1141 (33.2)
Not reported	396 (11.5)
Education
Secondary and below	1476 (43.0)
Pre-tertiary	963 (28.0)
University and above	996 (29.0)
Housing type
Public housing estate	3302 (96.1)
Private condominium	88 (2.6)
Landed estate	3 (0.1)
Other	42 (1.2)
BMI, mean (SD)	24.86 (4.61)
Chronic disease^a	340 (9.9)
Walkability^b, mean (SD)	−0.24 (2.5)
Smokers^c	638 (19.1)
Heavy alcohol consumers	307 (9.1)
Park user (in last 30 days)	2539 (76.0)
Park Use, hours/month, mean (SD)	10.63 (25.3)
Park physical activity (in last 30 days)	2104 (62.96%)
Park physical activity, hours/month, mean (SD)	8.52 (21.9)
Active mode of transport to parks ^c	2820 (97.14%)
Inactive mode of transport to parks ^c	83 (2.86)
Stanford WELL for Life Score, mean (SD)^d	66.30 (12.4)
Domain 1: Social connectedness	6.60 (1.34)
Domain 3: Stress and resilience	6.22 (1.28)
Domain 4: Experience of emotions	6.26 (1.31)
Domain 5: Physical health	6.64 (1.45)
Domain 6: Purpose and meaning	6.76 (1.93)
Domain 7: Sense of self	7.01 (1.69)
Domain 8: Financial security and satisfaction	6.82 (2.71)
Domain 9: Spirituality and religiosity	6.57 (3.23)
Domain 10: Exploration and creativity	6.23 (2.29)

^aChronic disease variable generated by calculating the n (%) of participants who report being diagnosed by a Western-trained Medical Doctor with diabetes, heart attack, stroke, cancer and depression
^bThe mean of the overall normalised (using z-score) score. The sum of normalised scores for intersection density, net residential density retail floor area ratio and land-use mix, with the street connectivity weighted by two
^cFor transport to parks, active modes include walking, running, cycling, non-motorised personal mobility devices (e.g. scooter, skateboard), bus, train, ferry/boat (but not bus, train or ferry in combination exclusively with an inactive mode); inactive modes include car or truck, taxi, motorbike or scooter or motorised personal mobility devices (e.g. electric scooter) but not in combination with any of the aforementioned active modes
^dStanford WELL for Life total score is out of 100 and each Domain is out of 10

ISSN: 1479-5868