Fig. 5

Musculoskeletal pain risk associated with high vs. low LTPA among (a) low OPA, (b) moderate OPA and (c) high OPA. Each bar represents a study/analysis. The height of each bar indicates the study quality; with higher bars assessed as higher quality with fewer biases. Bars are arranged by publication date moving from oldest to newest. * – Null findings are for left shoulder, elbow or hand pain, whereas there were significant intervention effects for neck pain, right shoulder pain and right hand pain. ¥ – Null findings for both neck-shoulder symptoms, as well as elbow/wrist/hand symptoms using sport frequency per week. † − Findings based on risk of high vs. low trajectory for musculoskeletal pain. ‡ − Data presented for the home-based exercise intervention arm