Table 3 Estimate of intervention effectiveness by the presence or absence of behavior change clusters or techniques

Overall Pooled Random Effect

204

100%

0.116

(0.08 0.15)

Motivational Interviewing (Package)

22

11%

0.155

(0.00 0.31)

182

0.112

(0.07 0.15)

0.030

(-0.09 0.15)

Social Comparison Cluster

171

84%

0.119

(0.08 0.16)

33

0.098

(0.00 0.19)

0.021

(-0.08 0.12)

 Social Comparison

51

25%

0.150

(0.09 0.21)

153

0.105

(0.06 0.15)

0.051

(-0.03 0.14)

 Social Support

134

66%

0.112

(0.07 0.15)

70

0.123

(0.04 0.20)

0.001

(-0.08 0.08)

 Modeling

99

49%

0.102

(0.04 0.16)

105

0.124

(0.08 0.17)

-0.030

(-0.11 0.05)

 Encouragement

106

52%

0.125

(0.07 0.18)

98

0.107

(0.05 0.16)

0.021

(-0.05 0.10)

 Role Model

76

37%

0.129

(0.09 0.17)

128

0.111

(0.05 0.17)

0.031

(-0.05 0.11)

Knowledge and Consequences Cluster

186

91%

0.116

(0.08 0.15)

18

0.138

(-0.06 0.34)

0.019

(-0.12 0.16)

 Information on Behavior-Health Link

168

82%

0.111

(0.07 0.15)

36

0.175

(0.03 0.32)

-0.018

(-0.12 0.08)

 Information on Consequences

68

33%

0.162

(0.10 0.22)

136

0.093

(0.04 0.14)

0.073

(-0.01 0.15)

 Instruction

145

71%

0.120

(0.08 0.16)

59

0.105

(0.03 0.18)

0.019

(-0.06 0.10)

Behavioral Repetition/Practice Cluster

148

73%

0.117

(0.07 0.16)

56

0.112

(0.04 0.18)

0.005

(-0.08 0.09)

 Prompts Cues

18

9%

0.147

(0.01 0.28)

186

0.113

(0.07 0.15)

0.035

(-0.10 0.17)

 Prompts Practice

129

63%

0.109

(0.06 0.16)

75

0.127

(0.07 0.19)

-0.021

(-0.10 0.06)

 Graded Tasks

28

14%

0.234

(0.15 0.32)

176

0.098

(0.06 0.14)

0.145

(0.03 0.26)

 Contingent Rewards

57

30%

0.133

(0.08 0.18)

147

0.107

(0.06 0.16)

0.044

(-0.04 0.13)

Goals, Feedback, Planning Cluster

160

88%

0.145

(0.11 0.18)

44

0.001

(-0.11 0.11)

0.154

(0.07 0.24)

 Goal Setting

97

48%

0.182

(0.13 0.23)

107

0.058

(0.01 0.11)

0.129

(0.06 0.20)

 Goal Review

38

19%

0.222

(0.14 0.30)

166

0.092

(0.05 0.13)

0.131

(0.04 0.23)

 Feedback

60

29%

0.137

(0.08 0.19)

144

0.107

(0.06 0.16)

0.040

(-0.04 0.12)

 Self-Monitoring

84

41%

0.183

(0.13 0.24)

120

0.068

(0.02 0.12)

0.118

(0.04 0.19)

 Behavioral Contract

13

6%

0.139

(0.03 0.24)

191

0.114

(0.07 0.15)

0.041

(-0.11 0.19)

 Intention Formation

81

40%

0.154

(0.11 0.19)

123

0.089

(0.03 0.15)

0.083

(0.01 0.16)

 Barrier Identification

80

39%

0.115

(0.08 0.15)

124

0.113

(0.05 0.17)

0.024

(-0.05 0.10)

 Follow-Up Prompts

85

42%

0.175

(0.12 0.23)

119

0.074

(0.03 0.12)

0.103

(0.03 0.18)

Theoretical Frameworks

 Social Cognitive Theory

83

41%

0.139

(0.10 0.18)

121

0.101

(0.04 0.16)

0.053

(-0.02 0.13)

 Social Ecological Model

30

15%

0.096

(0.03 0.16)

174

0.119

(0.08 0.16)

-0.013

(-0.12 0.09)

 Multiple Theories

43

21%

0.131

(0.06 0.20)

161

0.113

(0.07 0.16)

0.022

(-0.07 0.11)