Fig. 5

Causal mediation analysis results. ACME stands for average causal mediation effects of PA on the long-term mortality mediated through HRV; ADE stands for average direct effects of PA on the long-term mortality; Total effect stands for the total effects (direct and indirect) of PA on the long-term mortality; Prop. Mediated describes the proportion of the indirect/mediation effect of PA on the long-term mortality that goes through the mediator. ACME, average causal mediation effect; ADE, average direct effect; CI, confidence interval; HRV, heart rate variability; PA, physical activity; Prop. Mediated: mediation proportion