Table 1 Sample characteristics stratified by lower and higher risk for diabetes
| Â | Diabetes Risk | |
|---|---|---|
Lower Risk (n = 376) | Higher Risk (n = 272) | |
HbA1c, mmol/mol 95% CI | 36 (36–37) | 41 (41–41)* |
HbA1c%, 95 CI | 5.4 (5.4–5.5) | 5.9 (5.9–5.9)* |
FPG, mmol/L (sd) | 5.2 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.9)* |
2hPLG, mmol/L (sd) | 5.2 (1.3) | 6.0 (2.3)* |
Socio-demographic | ||
 Age, years (sd) | 56.0 (9.8) | 60.2 (9.3)* |
 Women, n (%) | 198 (52.7%) | 165 (60.7%) |
 Education, n (%) | ||
  High school or less | 93 (24.7%) | 95 (34.9%)* |
  Technical / Vocational | 184 (48.9%) | 116 (42.6%)* |
  Bachelor degree or higher | 99 (26.3%) | 61 (22.4%)* |
 Income, n (%) | ||
  No income, or not reported | 22 (5.9%) | 17 (6.2%) |
  $1-39,999 per year | 65 (17.3%) | 66 (24.3%) |
  $40,000-79,999 per year | 91 (24.2%) | 71 (26.1%) |
   ≥ $80,000 per year | 198 (52.7%) | 118 (43.4%) |
 Menopause, n (%) women | ||
  Post-menopausal | 88 (44.4%) | 117 (70.9%)* |
  Peri-menopausal | 37 (18.7%) | 20 (12.1%)* |
  Pre-menopausal | 73 (36.9%) | 28 (17.0%)* |
 Known depressive symptoms, n (%)a | ||
  Yes | 23 (6.1%) | 29 (10.7%) |
Behaviour | ||
 Smoking status, n (%)b | ||
  Current smoker | 28 (7.4%) | 18 (6.6%) |
  Ex-smoker | 139 (37.0%) | 97 (35.7%) |
  Non-smoker | 209 (55.6%) | 157 (57.7%) |
 Dietary Intake | ||
  Energy, mcal/day | 1.7 (0.65) | 1.7 (0.67) |
  Dietary quality score | 65.7 (12.4) | 67.2 (12.6) |
  Alcohol, g/day | 15.5 (19.1) | 11.5 (15.3)* |
  Calcium, g/day | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.3) |