| Conventional analysis | Instrumental variable analysis |
---|
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI |
---|
Year 1 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.82 | 0.53 | 0.39 | 0.74 |
Year 2 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.84 | 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.82 |
Year 3 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.91 | 0.75 | 0.58 | 0.96 |
Year 4 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.95 | 0.69 | 0.53 | 0.90 |
Year 5 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.63 | 1.05 |
Year 6 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.85 | 0.66 | 1.10 |
F-statistica | – | 80.1 |
- All models included following covariates: sex, age, educational attainment, annual equivalized household income, marital status, paid work, the existence of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, depressive symptoms, drinking habits, smoking status, family support, contact with friends, participation in community groups, population density, average degree of slopes, annual hours of sunlight, and fixed effects of municipalities
- Abbreviations: HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval
- aPartial F-statistic for a snowy area at the first-stage estimation