Skip to main content

Table 3 The difference in mean outcome between baseline and follow-up (intervention sample and control sample)

From: Investigating the physical activity, health, wellbeing, social and environmental effects of a new urban greenway: a natural experiment (the PARC study)

  

Baseline

Follow-up

Unadjusteda

Adjustedb

p for interaction

n

mean (SD)

N

mean (SD)

Difference in mean (95% CI)

p

Difference in mean (95% CI)

p

 

Proportion meeting UK physical activity guidelines: % (n/total)

Int.

1037

68% (703/1037)

968

61% (592/968)

0.75 (0.62,0.90)c

0.002

0.65 (0.52,0.82)c

< 0.001

0.119

Control

168

64% (108/168)

246

67% (166/246)

1.15 (0.76,1.74)c

0.5

1.04 (0.61,1.79)c

0.877

 

Minutes of total physical activity per day

Int.

1037

89.9 (125.8)

968

72.6 (102.7)

−17.3 (−28.1,-6.5)

0.002

−16.8 (−29.6,-3.9)

0.012

0.122

Control

168

119.1 (152.7)

246

77.9 (100.0)

−41.1 (−72.4,-9.9)

0.013

−44.4 (−82.2,-6.6)

0.024

 

Minutes of total physical activity (excluding work mins) per day

Int.

1037

44.2 (55.1)

968

39.8 (50.3)

−4.4 (−9.4,0.6)

0.081

−6.1 (−11.5,-0.7)

0.028

0.539

Control

168

46.2 (72.6)

246

39.8 (41.2)

−6.4 (−21.0,8.2)

0.368

−11.1 (− 25.7,3.6)

0.131

Mental wellbeing (WEMWBS)d

Int.

1035

50.6 (8.7)

968

51.2 (9.4)

0.6 (−0.4,1.5)

0.226

−0.3 (−1.1,0.6)

0.524

0.075

Control

168

52.2 (8.5)

246

51.3 (9.1)

−0.8 (−2.8,1.2)

0.406

−2.4 (−4.3,-0.5)

0.018

Quality of life (EQ5D)e

Int.

1037

73.3 (20.1)

968

63.2 (30.9)

−10.1 (−13.9,-6.3)

< 0.001

−11.0 (− 14.5,-7.4)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Control

168

76.2 (17.3)

246

54.3 (36.5)

−21.9 (−27.9,-15.9)

< 0.001

−30.5 (−37.9,-23.2)

< 0.001

Social capitalfa,b

 Local area trust

Int.

1032

3.4 (0.5)

968

3.5 (0.5)

0.1 (0.1,0.2)

< 0.001

0.1 (0.1,0.2)

< 0.001

0.866

Control

167

3.6 (0.5)

246

3.7 (0.4)

0.2 (0.0,0.3)

0.007

0.1 (0.0,0.3)

0.012

 Social networks

Int.

1037

4.0 (0.6)

968

3.9 (0.6)

−0.1 (−0.2,−0.1)

< 0.001

−0.1 (− 0.2,-0.0)

0.003

0.467

Control

165

4.0 (0.6)

246

3.9 (0.6)

−0.1 (−0.2,0.1)

0.484

−0.1 (− 0.3,0.1)

0.254

Perception of environmentg

 Attractive

Int.

1037

3.6 (0.8)

960

3.9 (0.6)

0.3 (0.2,0.4)

< 0.001

0.3 (0.2,0.4)

< 0.001

0.397

Control

168

3.8 (0.7)

245

4.0 (0.5)

0.2 (0.0,0.4)

0.048

0.2 (−0.0,0.4)

0.074

 Traffic

Int.

1037

2.7 (0.7)

946

2.9 (0.6)

0.2 (0.1,0.2)

< 0.001

0.2 (0.1,0.2)

< 0.001

0.438

Control

168

2.9 (0.8)

244

3.0 (0.6)

0.1 (−0.0,0.3)

0.14

0.1 (− 0.0,0.3)

0.064

 Amenities

Int.

1037

3.8 (0.6)

877

3.8 (0.6)

0.0 (−0.0,0.1)

0.202

0.0 (−0.0,0.1)

0.15

0.549

Control

168

3.7 (0.7)

228

3.7 (0.7)

0.0 (−0.1,0.1)

0.817

-0.1 (−0.2,0.1)

0.276

 Safety

Int.

1037

3.5 (0.8)

921

3.7 (0.7)

0.2 (0.1,0.3)

0.001

0.2 (0.1,0.3)

< 0.001

0.304

Control

168

3.7 (0.8)

241

3.8 (0.7)

0.1 (−0.1,0.3)

0.152

0.1 (− 0.1,0.3)

0.27

  1. CI Confidence intervals, EQ5D EuroQol 5 dimensions, Int. Intervention, SD Standard deviation, WEMWBS Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale
  2. aMutiple linear regression model using cluster robust standard errors with super output area as the cluster due to small numbers of participants in wards > 1 mile
  3. bAdjusted for age, gender, season, education (degree, A-level, GCSE, apprenticeship, none), car ownership (none,1 or more in household), deprivation (quintiles), marital status (married, single, divorced or widowed or separated), accommodation (owner, mortgage, rented/other), limiting long term illness (yes/no), general health (fitted as a trend across 6 categories: excellent to very poor), employed(yes, no) and weekly household income (<£230, £231 to £580, >£581)
  4. cOdds ratio calculated using multilevel logistic regression model with super output area as random intercept. Adjusted models contain same variables as in b
  5. d Scale 14–70 with higher scores indicating greater mental wellbeing
  6. e Scale 0–100 with higher scores indicating better health
  7. fa 1 = very big problem to 4 = not a problem at all; fb 1 = never and 4 = most days
  8. g 1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree