Table 2 Mean difference (95%CI) of standardized NMR-metabolites per 1-point increase in HLS in the Hortega Study^a

Group

Metabolite

MD (95% CI)

p-value

MD (95% CI)

p-value

Lipoprotein profile

 VLDL cholesterol

−0.07 (− 0.09, − 0.04)

< 0.001

− 0.05 (− 0.07, − 0.03)

< 0.001*

 LDL cholesterol

−0.11 (− 0.17, − 0.05)

< 0.001

−0.03 (− 0.06, 0.002)

0.04

 HDL cholesterol

0.04 (0.02, 0.07)

0.001

0.05 (0.02, 0.07)

< 0.001*

 IDL cholesterol

−0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.01)

< 0.001

−0.01 (− 0.02, − 0.003)

0.006*

 VLDL triglycerides

−0.13 (− 0.19, − 0.08)

< 0.001

−0.1 (− 0.14, − 0.05)

< 0.001*

 LDL triglycerides

−0.007 (− 0.01, − 0.002)

0.006

−0.001 (− 0.005, 0.002)

0.43

 HDL triglycerides

−0.003 (− 0.01, 0.0007)

0.11

−0.002 (− 0.01, 0.002)

0.24

 IDL triglycerides

−0.007 (− 0.01, − 0.04)

< 0.001

−0.005 (− 0.01, − 0.002)

0.003*

 Large VLDL, nmol/L

−0.18 (− 0.27, − 0.09)

< 0.001

−0.13 (− 0.21, − 0.06)

< 0.001*

 Medium VLDL, nmol/L

−1.13 (− 1.64, − 0.62)

< 0.001

−0.78 (− 1.24, − 0.33)

< 0.001*

 Small VLDL, nmol/L

− 7.34 (− 10.21, − 4.47)

< 0.001

−5.33 (− 7.85, − 2.80)

< 0.001*

 Large LDL, nmol/L

−4.58 (− 7.54, − 1.63)

0.002

− 0.98 (− 2.79, 0.83)

0.29

 Medium LDL, nmol/L

− 10.11 (− 19.62, − 0.6)

0.04

1.19 (− 4.59, 6.97)

0.69

 Small LDL, nmol/L

−35.75 (− 50.87, − 20.63)

< 0.001

−19.43 (− 29.00, − 9.87)

< 0.001*

 Large HDL, μmol/L

0.001 (− 0.003, 0.01)

0.68

0.003 (0.0002, 0.01)

0.04

 Medium HDL, μmol/L

0.22 (0.06, 0.38)

0.008

0.24 (0.08, 0.4)

0.003*

 Small HDL μmol/L

0.25 (− 0.08, 0.57)

0.13

0.35 (0.02, 0.67)

0.04

Amino acids ^b

Alanine

0.14 (0.08, 0.20)

< 0.001

0.11 (0.06, 0.17)

< 0.001*

Creatine phosphate

0.02 (0.01, 0.03)

< 0.001

0.01 (0.002, 0.02)

0.01*

Creatine

0.02 (0.01, 0.03)

< 0.001

0.01 (0.005, 0.02)

< 0.001*

Cysteine

0.02 (0.01, 0.02)

< 0.001

0.01 (0.004, 0.02)

0.002*

Glutamine

0.11 (0.07, 0.15)

< 0.001

0.08 (0.04, 0.12)

< 0.001*

N-acetylglutamine

0.08 (0.05, 0.11)

< 0.001

0.06 (0.03, 0.08)

< 0.001*

Proline

0.12 (0.07, 0.16)

< 0.001

0.09 (0.05, 0.12)

< 0.001*

Tryptophan

0.03 (0.01, 0.06)

0.02

0.02 (0, 0.05)

0.06

Tyrosine

0.02 (0.01, 0.04)

0.002

0.01 (0, 0.02)

0.08

Isoleucine

0.05 (0.02, 0.08)

0.003

0.04 (0, 0.07)

0.02

Leucine

0.05 (0.02, 0.08)

< 0.001

0.04 (0.01, 0.07)

0.01*

Valine

0.05 (0.02, 0.09)

0.003

0.04 (0.01, 0.08)

0.02

Fatty acids ^b

CH₂CH₂CO

−0.19 (−0.29, −0.09)

< 0.001

−0.14 (− 0.24, − 0.04)

0.006*

CH₂CH₃

− 0.13 (− 0.24, − 0.03)

0.009

− 0.07 (− 0.17, 0.03)

0.15

CH₂N

−3.17 (−4.44, −1.89)

< 0.001

−2.17 (−3.33, −1.00)

< 0.001*

CH₃

−0.38 (− 0.61, − 0.15)

0.001

−0.19 (− 0.37, − 0.003)

0.05

CHCH₂CH

− 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.03)

0.33

−0.003 (− 0.05, 0.05)

0.92

Isobutyrate

0.04 (0.01, 0.07)

0.003

0.03 (0.01, 0.06)

0.01*

Fluid balance ^b

Albumin

0.11 (0.07, 0.16)

< 0.001

0.07 (0.03, 0.11)

< 0.001*

Creatinine

0.03 (0.01, 0.04)

< 0.001

0.02 (0.01, 0.03)

< 0.001*

Energy metabolism ^b

 Citrate

0.07 (0.04, 0.09)

< 0.001

0.05 (0.03, 0.07)

< 0.001*

 Lactate

−0.34 (−0.6, − 0.09)

0.009

− 0.24 (− 0.48, 0.01)

0.06

 Pyruvate

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

< 0.001

0.02 (0.01, 0.03)

< 0.001*

 Acetate

0.05 (0.03, 0.07)

< 0.001

0.03 (0.01, 0.05)

0.001*

 Acetone

−0.13 (− 0.19, − 0.08)

< 0.001

−0.10 (− 0.16, − 0.05)

< 0.001*

 3-Hydroxybutyrate

0.11 (0.07, 0.15)

< 0.001

0.08 (0.04, 0.12)

< 0.001*

Products of bacterial co-metabolism ^b

Ethanol

−0.05 (− 0.16, 0.06)

0.39

−0.06 (− 0.16, 0.04)

0.24

Isopropanol

0.08 (0.05, 0.11)

< 0.001

0.05 (0.03, 0.08)

< 0.001*

Methanol

0.01 (0.002, 0.02)

0.008

0.01 (−0.0001, 0.01)

0.05

Trimethylamines

0.09 (0.05, 0.12)

< 0.001

0.06 (0.03, 0.09)

< 0.001*

Phenylpropionate

0.11 (0.07, 0.16)

< 0.001

0.09 (0.05, 0.14)

< 0.001*

Phosphoethanolamines ^b

O-phosphoethanolamine

0.07 (0.04, 0.10)

< 0.001

0.04 (0.02, 0.07)

0.002*