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Table 4 Summary of results of the effect of grazing on total HEI-2015 and the 13 component scores, first difference regression

From: The effects of grazing on daily caloric intake and dietary quality

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

Grazing

Morning grazing

Evening grazing

Coefficient

SE

Coefficient

SE

Coefficient

SE

Daily HEI-2015 score

0.59**

0.24

0.87***

0.17

−0.41**

0.17

Adequacy components, scores:

 Total vegetables

0.01

0.03

−0.06**

0.02

−0.03

0.03

 Greens and beans

0.03

0.05

0.04

0.03

−0.04

0.03

 Total fruit

0.09**

0.04

0.18***

0.03

−0.07**

0.03

 Whole fruit

0.17***

0.04

0.20***

0.03

0.00

0.03

 Whole grains

0.04

0.06

0.12***

0.04

−0.21***

0.05

 Total dairy

0.08

0.07

0.11**

0.05

0.00

0.05

 Total protein foods

0.04

0.03

−0.01

0.02

−0.02

0.02

 Seafood and plant proteins

0.05

0.05

0.11***

0.03

0.02

0.03

 Fatty acids

0.03

0.08

0.02

0.05

−0.18***

0.06

Moderation components, scores:

 Na

0.11

0.07

0.13***

0.05

0.29***

0.05

 Refined grains

0.13*

0.07

0.00

0.05

0.14***

0.05

 Saturated fats

−0.16**

0.07

0.05

0.05

−0.27***

0.05

 Added sugars

−0.04

0.06

−0.03

0.04

−0.04

0.04

  1. Notes: HEI, Healthy Eating Index. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. Standard errors account for complex survey design. NHANES dietary intake day 2 weights (wtdr2d) were used to compute nationally representative estimates. Additional controls include whether the data collection was on the second day, whether the day of data collection fell on weekend, average calorie per eating occasion, the average time between eating occasions, the ratio of FAFH eating occasions, and the time between the first and last eating occasion. Observations: 27,743. Coefficients and standard errors are estimated from first difference regressions (fixed effect model)
  2. Source: Authors’ estimations using data from the 2007-18 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)