A longitudinal examination of objective neighborhood walkability, body mass index, and waist circumference: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study

Lang, Ian-Marshall; Antonakos, Cathy L.; Judd, Suzanne E.; Colabianchi, Natalie

doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01247-7

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 2 Logistic regression models predicting the odds of overweight/obesity^a or having a moderate-to-high risk WC^b at follow-up

From: A longitudinal examination of objective neighborhood walkability, body mass index, and waist circumference: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study

	Unadjusted BMI Model^c				Adjusted BMI Model^d				Unadjusted WC Model^e				Adjusted WC Model^f
	OR	95% CI	P-value*	χ²	OR	95% CI	P-value*	χ²	OR	95% CI	P-value*	χ²	OR	95% CI	P-value*	χ²
Exposure
Neighborhood walkability			0.025	11.17			0.049	9.56			0.010	13.33			0.026	11.06
Very Car-Dependent	1.00	―			1.00	―			1.00	―			1.00	―
Car-Dependent	1.04	0.95 – 1.14	0.400		0.96	0.84 – 1.09	0.504		1.10	1.00 – 1.21	0.052		0.98	0.86 – 1.10	0.699
Somewhat Walkable	1.05	0.94 – 1.19	0.384		0.96	0.82 – 1.14	0.676		1.14	1.01 – 1.29	0.041		0.99	0.84 – 1.16	0.905
Very Walkable	0.88	0.74 – 1.05	0.146		0.75	0.59 – 0.96	0.022		0.84	0.71 – 1.00	0.044		0.69	0.55 – 0.86	0.001
Walker’s Paradise	0.60	0.41 – 0.88	0.009		0.55	0.32 – 0.93	0.026		0.92	0.60 – 1.40	0.704		0.81	0.48 – 1.37	0.432
Demographic Characteristics
Age (year)					0.96	0.95 – 0.97	< 0.001						0.97	0.96 – 0.98	< 0.001
Sex
Female					1.00	―							1.00	―
Male					1.22	1.08 – 1.38	0.001						0.06	0.05 – 0.07	< 0.001
Race
Black/African American					1.00	―							1.00	―
White					1.10	0.96 – 1.25	0.177						1.17	1.03 – 1.33	0.013
Income							0.098	7.84							0.526	3.19
Less than $20,000					1.00	―							1.00	―
$20,000 – $34,999					1.28	1.04 – 1.57	0.018						1.07	0.87 – 1.31	0.506
$35,000 – $74,999					1.33	1.08 – 1.64	0.007						1.17	0.95 – 1.44	0.136
$75,000 and above					1.34	1.06 – 1.71	0.016						1.17	0.93 – 1.47	0.190
Refused					1.26	0.99 – 1.59	0.058						1.07	0.84 – 1.35	0.596
Education							0.277	3.86							0.523	2.25
Less than high school					1.00	―							1.00	―
High school graduate					0.84	0.66 – 1.07	0.152						1.04	0.82 – 1.31	0.758
Some college					0.78	0.62 – 1.00	0.051						0.94	0.74 – 1.19	0.622
College graduate or above					0.82	0.64 – 1.04	0.107						0.94	0.74 – 1.19	0.588
Marital status							0.997	0.05							0.521	2.25
Single					1.00	―							1.00	―
Married					0.97	0.74 – 1.29	0.854						1.20	0.92 – 1.57	0.187
Divorced/separated					0.98	0.73 – 1.33	0.916						1.11	0.83 – 1.48	0.473
Widowed					0.98	0.73 – 1.34	0.925						1.14	0.85 – 1.54	0.385
Time in study (year)					1.01	0.96 – 1.07	0.616						0.97	0.92 – 1.03	0.298
Health Characteristics
Baseline BMI (kg/m²)					1.72	1.68 – 1.75	< 0.001
Baseline WC (cm)													1.17	1.16 – 1.18	< 0.001
Presence of vascular morbidities							0.606	1.00							< 0.001	26.30
None					1.00	―							1.00	―
One vascular morbidity					1.03	0.88 – 1.20	0.746						1.13	0.97 – 1.31	0.111
Two or more vascular morbidities					1.08	0.92 – 1.26	0.369						1.42	1.22 – 1.66	< 0.001
Smoking behaviors							0.239	2.87							0.783	0.49
Never smoked					1.00	―							1.00
Past smoker					1.05	0.93 – 1.18	0.446						1.04	0.93 – 1.17	0.499
Current smoker					0.90	0.75 – 1.07	0.237						1.00	0.84 – 1.20	0.963
Alcohol use							0.205	3.17							0.281	2.54
Never used alcohol					1.00	―							1.00	―
Past alcohol user					1.18	0.97 – 1.42	0.094						0.90	0.75 – 1.07	0.239
Current alcohol user					1.02	0.89 – 1.17	0.730						0.90	0.79 – 1.03	0.123
Contextual Characteristics
NSES^g							0.238	4.22							0.313	3.56
Quartile 1 (lowest NSES)					1.00	―							1.00	―
Quartile 2					1.12	0.95 – 1.32	0.171						0.88	0.75 – 1.03	0.103
Quartile 3					1.08	0.91 – 1.28	0.378						0.90	0.77 – 1.06	0.211
Quartile 4 (highest NSES)					0.98	0.82 – 1.17	0.792						0.86	0.73 – 1.02	0.084

^*P-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Significant findings are bolded (note significant findings for non-binary categorical variables are based on post-estimation Wald tests).
^aoverweight/obese: body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m²
^bWC waist circumference – moderate-to-high risk: men with a WC ≥ 94 cm or women with a WC ≥ 80 cm
^cresults of test for linear trend (neighborhood walkability and unadjusted body mass index): χ² (1, N = 12,846) = 8.66, p = 0.003
^dresults of test for linear trend (neighborhood walkability and adjusted body mass index): χ ² (1, N = 12,846) = 6.73, p = 0.010
^eresults of test for linear trend (neighborhood walkability and unadjusted waist circumference): χ² (1, N = 12,846) = 0.98, p = 0.322
^fresults of test for linear trend (neighborhood walkability and adjusted waist circumference): χ² (1, N = 12,846) = 1.97, p = 0.161
^gNSES neighborhood socioeconomic status

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ISSN: 1479-5868

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