Table 2 Characteristics of questionnaires assessing physical activity, sedentary behavior and/or sleep in 0- to 5-year-old children, sorted by behavior and target population
Questionnaire Name | Behavior (PA, SB, ScT, S) b | Sub-constructs | Target population (age) c | Respondent | Recall period | Format: Dimensions (F, D, I) d | Format: Number of items | Format: Scores |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep diary (nn) [38] | S | Night awakenings, wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep latency, sleep onset, sleep duration | Infants (nr) | Parent | Current day | F, D | 4 items | Continuous: time, duration (h/min), frequency (times per night) |
Sleep diary by phone (nn) [42] | S | Sleep onset time, rise time, sleep period, number of night awakenings | Infants (nr) | Mother | Day | F, D | Unclear | Questions answered by phone |
Electronic-diary (nn) [43] | S | Sleep during day (08-20 h), sleep during night (20-08 h), sleep over 24 h | Infants (nr) | Parent | Current day | D | Unclear | Unclear |
Paper-diary (nn) [43] | S | Sleep during day (08-20 h), sleep during night (20-08 h), sleep over 24 h | Infants (nr) | Parent | Current day (5 min epochs) | D | Logline | Continuous: duration (h/min), derived from sleep state every 5 min |
Sleep diary (nn) [44] | S | Night sleep duration, longest nighttime sleep, daytime sleep duration, night awakenings, sleep onset time, and sleep offset time | Infants (nr) | Parent | Current day (5 min epochs) | F, D | Logline | Continuous: time, duration (h/min), frequency (times per night), derived from sleep state every 5 min |
Sleep survey (including items from the BISQ and CSHQ) [44] | S | Night sleep duration, longest nighttime sleep, daytime sleep duration, night awakenings, sleep onset time, and sleep offset time | Infants (nr) | Parent | Typical day | F, D | 6 items | Continuous: time, duration (h/min), frequency (times per night) |
Sleep and Settle Questionnaire (SSQ) [45] | S | Sleep patterns (number and duration of sleeps, night awakenings), time to settle to sleep, duration of crying Additionally: Temperament awake, confidence parent to get baby to sleep, attribution of unsettled infant behavior, whether parents are bothered by this | Infants (nr) | Primary caregivers | Last week | F, D | 12 items Total questionnaire: 34 items | Continuous: duration (h/min), frequency (sleeps per day/times per night) Ordinal: 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ‘Didn’t bother me at all’ to 5 ‘Bothered me extremely’ |
Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire - Infant version (CSHQ-I) [39] | S | Bedtime resistance, sleep anxiety, daytime sleepiness, and positive sleep habitse | Infants (0–1 year old) | Mother | Typical week | F, D, I | 31 items across 4 subscales: Bedtime resistance (11 items), Sleep anxiety (10 items), Positive sleep habits (6 items), and Daytime sleepiness (5 items)e | Continuous: time, duration (h/min) Ordinal: 3-point scale: “usually” (5–7 times per week); “sometimes” (2–4 times per week;) and “rarely” (0–1 time per week) (+not applicable) |
Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) [38] | S | Night awakenings, wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep latency, sleep onset | Infants (nr) | Parent | Typical day | F, D | Unclear (other studies: 13 items) | Continuous: time, duration (h/min), frequency (times per night) |
Expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ), Turkish version [37] | S | Nocturnal sleep duration (7 pm-7 am), daytime sleep durations (7 am-7 pm), number of night awakenings, duration of wakefulness during night, settling time Additionally:Method falling asleep, location of sleep, preferred body position, perception of sleep problems | Infants (nr) | Parent | Typical day | F, D | 13 items (including 4 demographic) | Continuous: time, duration (h/min), frequency (times per night) |
BISQ Spanisch version (BISQ-E) [35] | S | Time of sleep onset, duration of night-time sleep, duration of daytime sleep, total sleep duration, night-time awakenings, duration of night-time awakenings Additionally: Method falling asleep, location of sleep, preferred body position, perception of sleep problems | Infants and toddlers (3–30 months old) | Parent | Typical day | F, D | 14 items (4 demographic, 10 sleep habits) | Continuous: time, duration (h/min), frequency (times per night) |
BISQ (Nepali version) [36] | S | Nocturnal and daytime sleep duration, night awakenings, duration night wakefulness, sleep onset time, sleep settling time Additionally: Method falling asleep, location of sleep, preferred body position, perception of sleep problems | Infants and toddlers (0–3 years old) | Parent | Typical day | F, D | Unclear (other studies: 13 items) | Continuous: time, duration (h/min), frequency (times per night) |
Sleep diary (nn) [46] | S | Sleep onset time, sleep offset time, nocturnal sleep time duration, number of night awakenings (> 5 min), wake minutes during nocturnal sleeping | Infants and toddlers (nr) | Mother | Current day (30 min epochs) | F, D | Unclear | Nominal: general questions per day Continuous: duration (h/min), derived from sleep state every 30 min |
Sleep diary (nn) [47] | S | Sleep duration, sleep efficiency | Toddlers (2 years old) | Mother | Current day (30 min epochs) | D | Unclear | Continuous: duration (h/min), derived from sleep state every 30 min |
Own questionnaire (nn) [48] | S | Get up time, bedtime, sleeping hours | Preschoolers (3–4 years old) | Parent | Current day | D | 3 items | Continuous: time, duration (h/min) |
Parent log (nn) [49] | S | Afternoon naps, bedtime, sleep latency, awakenings, sleep end time morning. Sleep onset time was calculated by adding sleep latency to the bedtime | Preschoolers (3–5 years old) | Parent (with input day care workers) | Current day | F, D | 10 items (4 just before going to bed, and 6 first thing in the morning) | Continuous: time, duration (min) Ordinal: frequency of awakenings giving 4 options: 0, 1, 2, 3 or more |
Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) [41] | S | Quantitative: bedtime, wake-up time, daily sleep time, number and duration of night- awakenings Qualitative: Bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, sleep duration, sleep anxiety, night-awakenings, parasomnias, obstructive sleep apnea, and daytime sleepinesse | Preschoolers (3–6 years old) | Parent | Typical week, typical weekday and weekend day | F, D, I | 33 items across 8 subscalese | Continuous: time, duration (h/min), frequency (times per night) Ordinal: 3-point scale: “usually” (5–7 times per week); “sometimes” (2–4 times per week;) and “rarely” (0–1 time per week) (+not applicable) |
Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire - Chinese version (CSHQ) [40] | S | Bedtime resistance, sleep onset delay, sleep duration, sleep anxiety, night-time awakenings, parasomnias, sleep disordered breathing, daytime sleepinesse | Preschoolers (3–6 years old) | Parent/Caregiver | Typical week | F, D, I | 33 items across 8 subscales: Bedtime resistance (6 items), Sleep-onset delay (1 item), Sleep duration (3 items), Sleep anxiety (4 items), Night-time awakenings (3 items), Parasomnias (7 items), Sleep disordered breathing (3 items), and Daytime sleepiness (8 items)e | Continuous: time, duration (h/min) Ordinal: 3-point scale: “usually” (5–7 times per week); “sometimes” (2–4 times per week;) and “rarely” (0–1 time per week) (+not applicable) |
Children’s ChronoType Questionnaire (CCTQ) - Japanese version [50] | S | Sleep-wake parameters, chronotype and morningness/eveningness (M/E) | Preschoolers (3–6 years old) | Parent | Typical weekday and weekend day | F, D | 27 items across 3 subscales: Sleep–wake parameters (16 items), M/E (10 items), and Chronotype (1 item) | Continuous: time, duration (min), frequency (days per week) Nominal: yes/no Ordinal: different 5-point scales (e.g., ranging from Very difficult to Not at all a problem) |
Children’s Sleep-Wake Scale (CSWS) [51] | S | Going to bed, falling asleep, arousing and awakening during the night, returning to sleep after waking during the night, waking in the morning | Children (2–8 years old) | Parent | Typical day | F, D, I | 25 items across 5 subscales: Going to bed (5 items), falling asleep (5 items), arousing and awakening during the night (5 items), returning to sleep after waking during the night (5 items), waking in the morning (5 items) | Ordinal: 6-point scale (Never, Once in a while, Sometimes, Quite Often, Frequently - if not Always, and Always) |
Technology Use Questionnaire (TechU-Q) [52] | ScT | Frequency, duration and purpose of use of multiple technology devices (television, computers, tablet computers, mobile phones, and electronic games) | Infants, toddlers, preschoolers (0–5 years old) | Parent/Caregiver | Typical weekday and weekend day | F, D | Unclear | Continuous: duration (h/min), frequency (times per week) |
PREPS questionnaire [53] | ScT | Screen time Additionally: Children’s cognitions/personal attributes, parental cognitions, home and neighborhood environment | Toddlers (1–3 years old) | Parent | Typical weekday and weekend day | D | 4 items Total questionnaire:83 items | Continuous: duration (h/min) |
Outdoor time checklist [54]a | PA | Time playing outdoors | Toddlers and preschoolers (2–5 years old) | Parent | 24 h (wake-up to bedtime) | D | 2 items | Ordinal: 5-point scale with the following responses: 0 min; 1–15 min; 16–30 min; 31–60 min; and over 60 min |
Parental report – outdoor time recall questionnaire [54]a | PA | Time playing outdoors | Toddlers and preschoolers (2–5 years old) | Parent | Typical week/weekend day in the last month | D | 2 items | Continuous: time spent (min) |
Modified Burdette proxy report [55]a | PA | Indoor and outdoor active play at family child care homes | Toddlers and preschoolers (2–5 years old) | Family Child Care Home Providers | Arrival until lunch time and lunch time until departure | D | 1 item (2 times) | Ordinal: 5-point scale with the following responses: 0 min; 1–15 min; 16–30 min; 31–60 min; and over 60 min |
Modified Harro proxy report [55]a | PA | Sitting, low-to moderate intensity indoor activities, low-to-moderate intensity outdoor activities, moderate-to-vigorous intensity indoor activities, and moderate-to-vigorous outdoor activities | Toddlers and preschoolers (2–5 years old) | Family Child Care Home Providers | Arrival until lunch and lunch until departure | D | 5 items (2 times) | Continuous: time spent (min) |
KidActive-Q [56]a | PA, ScT | Method of transportation to and from daycare, time spent outdoors, time spent watching television and/or playing computer games, and athletic activities performed on a regular basis | Toddlers and preschoolers (2–6 years old) | Parent | Usual, past few months | F, D | 10–12 items | Nominal: yes/no Ordinal: different options for frequency and/or duration |
Early Years Physical Activity Questionnaire (EY-PAQ) [57] | PA, SB | Various indoor and outdoor activities, which were grouped according to PA intensity (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or sedentary time) | Toddlers and preschoolers (2–5 years old) | Parent | Typical week in previous month | F, D | 16 items (MVPA: 10, ST: 6) | Ordinal: number of days per week, and duration giving 4 options: 1) up to 15 min/day; 2) 16–30 min/day; 3) 31–60 min/day; or 4) free-text for > 60 min/day |
Preschool-aged Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pre-PAQ) [58]a | PA, SB | Time spent in car, time spent walking, activity, eating in front of television, attend organized physical activity, use of facilities to play or be physically active | Preschoolers (3–5 years old) | Parent/Guardian | Last week, yesterday, last weekend | F, D | Total questionnaire = 37 questions divided into 4 sections Number of items differs depending on answers | Continuous: duration (h/min) Nominal: yes/no Ordinal: 6-poimt scale ranging from daily to rarely |
Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (CPAQ) [59]a | PA, SB | Various physical activity and sedentary activities, which were grouped in: sports, leisure time activities, and activities at school | Preschoolers (4–5 year old) | Parent | Last week | F, D | PA: 34 items SB: 15 items | Continuous: duration (h/min), frequency (times Mon-Fri/times Sat-Sun) |
PA, ScT, S | TV and computer behavior, playing outside, and sleep Additionally: Diet and parenting practices | Toddlers and preschoolers of low income families (2–5 years old) | Parent/Caregiver | Typical week and day | F, D | Development study: PA: 4 items, ScT: 5 items, S: 1 item Total questionnaire: 45 items Selected in following study: PA: 1 item, ScT: 2 items, S: 1 item Total questionnaire: 19 items | Continuous: time, duration (h) Ordinal: 4-point scale ranging from no to every day | |
Physical activity questionnaire for parents of preschoolers in Mexico [62]a | PA, SB, S | Sleep and various indoor and outdoor activities, which were grouped according to PA intensity (sedentary, moderate, and vigorous) | Preschoolers (3–5 years old) | Parent | Typical week and day | F, D | PA: 3 items SB: 1 item S: 2 items Total questionnaire: 6 items | Continuous: duration (h/min), frequency (times per day/days per week) Ordinal: 5 categories ranging from 15 min. to more than 1 h |
Energy balance-related behaviors (ERBs) selfadministered primary caregivers questionnaire (PCQ), from the ToyBox study [63]a | PA, SB, S | PA: duration sport, transport, playing outside; SB: watching TV/DVD/video, playing games on a computer or game console, quiet play; Sleep: night sleep duration, duration naps. Additionally: Sociodemographic and perinatal factors, water and beverages consumption, snacking | Preschoolers (nr) | Parent | PA: Yesterday/last weekday, last weekend day, usually. SB/S: Typical weekday and weekend day | D | PA: 27 items SB: 38 items S: 4 items Total questionnaire: 229 items | Continuous: duration (h/min) Ordinal: 10 categories ranging from Never to I don’t know (30 min and 1 h intervals) |
Physical activity and sedentary behavior questionnaire (based on Canadian Health Measures Survey) [64]a | PA, SB, ScT | PA: time outside, time in a gymnasium, recess, unstructured free play; organized physical activities; SB: TV viewing, videos/DVD viewing, computer playing, game console playing, playing handheld devices, stroller time, traveling in motor vehicle | Infants, toddlers and preschoolers (0–6 years old) | Parent | Typical weekday and weekend day | D | PA: 5 items SB: 12 items | Continuous: time spent (min) |
Surveillance of digital Media hAbits in earLy chiLdhood Questionnaire (SMALLQ™) [65] | PA, SB, ScT, S | Digital media use outside of pre-school/kindergarten; Non-digital behavior outside of pre-school/kindergarten: indoor and outdoor play, non-screen reading, and drawing; Day time naps, night-time sleep. Additionally: Digital media environment at home, parent digital media habits, perception, concern, awareness and practice of guidelines, demographic information | Toddlers and preschoolers (2–6 years old) | Parent | Typical weekday and weekend day | Digital media use: F,D; Non-digital behavior: D, Sleep: D, I | PA/SB/S: 4 items ScT: 4 items Total questionnaire: 25 items across 3 subscales: Digital media use (9 items), Non-digital behavior (3 items), Child and Parent information (13 items) | Continuous: duration (h/min), and percentage of time spent Ordinal: 6 point-scale ranging from never to 9 or more times a week |
Family Health Survey (consists a.o. of Outdoor Playtime Recall, InFANT, POI.nz) [66] | PA, SB, ScT, S | Outdoor play, duration watching TV/DVD, using computer, using smartphone/tablet, playing videogame, sleep duration Additionally: Child parent interactions in relation to physical activity, screen time, and sleep | Preschoolers (3–6 years old) | Parent | Typical weekday and weekend day | D | PA: 1 item ScT: 4 items S: 2 items Total questionnaire: number of items differs depending on answers (max. 55 questions) | Continuous: time, duration (h/min) |
Healthy Active Preschool Years (HAPPY) parent proxy report survey [67] | PA, SB, ScT, S | Participation in active transport, non-organized activities, participation in organized activities, attendance at playgroup, usual participation in screen behaviors, quiet play & imaginary games, time spent playing outdoors, night & day sleep time Additionally: Demographic and family profile; child personality, preferences and constraints; parental influence; rules and boundaries, social interaction and support; modeling of physical activity; home physical environment; neighborhood physical environment | Preschoolers (3–5 years old) | Parent | Typical week, typical weekday and weekend day | F, D | PA/SB/ScT: 28 items S: 2 items Total questionnaire: 230 items | Continuous: duration (h) and frequency (times per week) Ordinal: never-daily Nominal: yes/no |