Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%)
Control (n = 726) | Swaps (n = 713) | Swaps + PACE (n = 711) | Total (n = 2,150) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, | 36.5 ± 11.5 | 36.8 ± 11.9 | 37.2 ± 11.5 | 36.8 ± 11.6 |
Sex, female | 380 (52.3) | 387 (54.3) | 397 (55.8) | 1,164 (54.2) |
Ethnic group | ||||
White | 576 (79.3) | 587 (82.3) | 560 (78.8) | 1,723 (80.1) |
Mixed/Other | 57 (7.9) | 43 (6.0) | 47 (6.6) | 147 (6.8) |
Asian/Black | 88 (12.1) | 79 (11.1) | 102 (14.3) | 269 (12.5) |
Prefer not to say | 5 (0.7) | 4 (0.6) | 2 (0.3) | 11 (0.5) |
Education | ||||
None to Secondary | 352 (48.5) | 357 (50.1) | 337 (47.4) | 1046 (48.7) |
Undergraduate degree | 238 (32.8) | 237 (33.2) | 235 (33.1) | 710 (33.0) |
Graduate & higher | 136 (18.7) | 115 (16.1) | 135 (18.9) | 386 (17.9) |
Prefer not to say | 0 | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) | 8 (0.4) |
Anthropometry | ||||
Weight, kg | 77.4 ± 19.0 | 77.1 ± 18.0 | 76.9 ± 18.5 | 77.1 ± 18.5 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 5.6 | 26.3 ± 5.5 | 26.3 ± 5.6 | 26.3 ± 5.6 |
BMI < 30 | 577 (79.5) | 558 (78.3) | 553 (77.8) | 1,688 (78.6) |
BMI ≥ 30 | 148 (20.4) | 147 (20.6) | 153 (21.5) | 447 (20.8) |
Prefer not to say | 1 (0.1) | 8 (1.1) | 5 (0.7) | 14 (0.7) |
Physical activity | ||||
Meeting guidelines | 454 (62.5) | 433 (60.7) | 443 (62.3) | 1,330 (61.9) |
Not meeting guidelines | 272 (37.5) | 279 (39.3) | 268 (37.7) | 819 (38.1) |
Prefer not to say | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) |
Hunger score (range: 1–100) | 53.8 ± 24.7 | 52.0 ± 24.3 | 53.1 ± 24.0 | 52.9 ± 24.3 |
Dietary restraint (range: 0–15) | 7.5 ± 2.8 | 7.9 ± 2.8 | 7.6 ± 2.7 | 7.7 ± 2.8 |
Average energy (kcal) content of first item ordered (i.e. before swaps were offered) | 474 ± 184 | 459 ± 175 | 458 ± 172 | 464 ± 177 |