Table 12 Dose-response relationships explaining mixed results for the associations between homework and health and well-being indicators
Dose of Homework Unfavourable for Health | Null | Dose of Homework Favourable for Health |
|---|---|---|
1–2 h/day (ref: < 1 h/day; 2/10 associations) [149] | > 0–0.5 h/day (ref: 0 h/day; 2/2 associations) [107] | > 0–2 h/day (ref: 0 h/day; 1/2 associations) [116] |
> 1 h/day (ref: 0 h/day; 1/2 associations) [107] | > 0–2 h/day (ref: 0 h/day; 1/2 associations) [116] | 1–2 h/day (ref: < 1 h/day; 1/1 association) [65] |
2–3 h/day | 0.5–1.9 h/day (ref: < 0.5 h/day; 2/2 associations) [99] | > 1–3 h/day (ref: 0–1 h/day; 1/1 association) [150] |
≥2 h/day (ref: < 0.5 h; 2/2 associations) [99] | > 0.5–1 h/day (ref: 0 h/day; 2/2 associations) [107] | > ~ 2.5 h/day (ref: < 1 h/day; 1/2 associations) [40]a |
> 3 h/day (ref: < 1 h/day and 0–1 h/day; 11/21 associations) [59, 149, 150, 152] | 1–2 h/day | 6–8 h/day (ref: < 4 h; 3/4 associations) [110]b |
“Too much homework” (ref: “just right amount of homework”; 3/4 associations) [105, 106] | 1–3 h/day (ref: < 1 h/day; 2/2 associations) [59] | 8–10 h/day (ref: < 4 h; 2/4 associations) [110]b |
> 1.0–1.5 h/day (ref: < 1 h/day; 2/2 associations) [40]a | “High homework” levels (ref: “low homework”; 1/1 association) [89] | |
> 1 h/day (ref: 0 h/day; 1/2 associations) [107] | ||
1.5- ~ 2.5 h/day (ref: < 1 h/day; 2/2 associations) [40]a | ||
2–3 h/day | ||
≥2 h/day | ||
> ~ 2.5 h/day (ref: < 1 h/day; 1/2 associations) [40]a | ||
> 3 h/day studying | ||
4–6 h/day (ref: < 4 h; 4/4 associations) [110]b | ||
6–8 h/day (ref: < 4 h; 1/4 associations) [110]b | ||
8–10 h/day (ref: < 4 h; 2/4 associations) [110]b | ||
> 10 h/day (ref: < 4 h; 4/4 associations) [110]b | ||
“Not enough homework” (ref: “just right amount of homework”; 4/4 associations) [105, 106] | ||
“Medium homework” levels (ref: “low homework”; 1/1 association) [89] | ||
“Too much homework” (ref: “just right amount of homework”; 1/4 associations) [105, 106] |