Table 2 Quantitative study description
From: Exploring activity compensation amongst youth and adults: a systematic review
Author(s)/Study date | Assessment/Data Collection Instruments | Outcomes (PA variables) | Confounders | Timeframe | Analytical Approach | Compensation Reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bagget et al. [20] | ActiGraph: hip, waking hours, Treuth et al. cutpoints Data collected 6 consecutive days | LPA, MVPA, total PA: MET-weighted mins, absolute mins, and % of monitored time Inactivity: mins, and % of monitored time spent inactive | Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, monitored time, day of week, sample, field centre | Within-day/Between-day | Within-person | No |
Carlson et al. [33] | ActiGraph 7164; 71,256; GT1M; GT3X: left hip, waking hours, Evenson youth cutpoints, 30s epochs GlobalSat DG-100 GPS tracker: worn concurrently to accelerometer, waking hours, latitude/longitude every 30s Data collected 7 days, derived from TEAN study | MVPA: mins/day across 5 different locations | All models: Daily time in location (participant mean centred) Moderators: participant gender, age, race/ethnicity, and BMI percentile, neighbourhood walkability, income, and parent education. | Within-day | Within-person | Location MVPA & overall MVPA: No Between location: Yes |
Clemes et al. [62] | Pedometer: thigh, waking hours Diary: recording daily pedometer steps recorded at start of day, lunch break, end of afternoon and before bed on work day, start and end of day on weekend, and sitting time Data collected 7 consecutive days | Step count: workdays/non-workdays Sitting time: mins/day | N/A | Within-day | Between-group | No |
Clemes et al. [34] | ActiGraph GTIM: waist, Atkin (SED) & Freedson cutpoints (LPA/MVPA), 1 min epochs Data collected 7 consecutive days | SED, LPA, MVPA: working/nonworking hours as % of wear time spent, mins/day | N/A | Within-day | Both | No |
Costigan et al. [63] | GENEActiv: wrist, Phillips & Esliger cutpoints Questionnaire: Perceptions of compensation, 3 items, non-validated Data collected across 2 weeks (baseline, experimental week) | MPA, VPA: mean mins | Wear time | Within-day | Within-person | No |
Cull et al. [35] | ActiCal: wrist, 30s epochs, Actical adult cutpoints Non-wear time log sheet Data collected 7 consecutive days, measurements at baseline, week 4, and week 9, occurred on 3 occasions | SED, LPA, MPA, VPA: mins/day (average across 7 days) | None | Between-weeks | Both | No |
Dale et al. [36] | CSA 7164: waist, 1 min epochs Data collected across 14 weeks overall, worn for 4 school days, 2 non-consecutive days of restricted activity, 2 days of ‘active’ (normal, unrestricted) | CPM: active day, restricted day | None | Within-day | Within-person | No |
DiBlasio et al. [37] | SenseWear Pro2: right arm Daily PA measured free-living conditions, 3 consecutive days at baseline(T0), 13-week exercise program, time point 2 (T1) measures occurred 2 weeks before the end of the exercise program | TEE: mean values of total daily energy expenditure MET: intensity of daily physical activities PAEE: time/energy spent on PA activity with an intensity > 3 METS | None | Between weeks (baseline to end of intervention, 11 weeks) | Within-person | Yes |
Fremeaux et al. [64] | ActiGraph: hip, 1 min epochs Activity diary: daily activities-type, duration and time Data collected 4 occasions across 12 months, 3 consecutive weeks, accelerometers worn 7 consecutive days | MVPA: mins/day TPA: counts/min | Seasonal variability, age, gender | Between schools/seasons | Between-group | Yes |
Gomersall et al. [38] | ActiGraph GT3X: waist, 24/h day (except contact sports and water activities), 30s epochs MARCA: 24-h recall of activities in 5 min intervals, assigned MET value Data collected 5 measurement occasions: baseline (week prior to program start), mid intervention (week 3–4), end of intervention (week 6), 3 and 6-month post-intervention (follow-up) (weeks 12 and 24), worn 7 days each measurement | MVPA, Total activity, TDEE, RMR: min/day, MET minutes | None reported | Between weeks (baseline to follow up, 6 months) | Between-group | No |
Goodman et al. [65] | ActiGraph RT3: waist, Rowlands cutpoints (MVPA), 1 min epochs National Travel Survey Diary: adapted for children, cross-checked with children and against accelerometer timings Data collected 4 consecutive days | MVPA: time spent Child Behaviours: % of day spent in MVPA in own home, friend’s home, other home, school lessons, PE/games, clubs and tuition, non-home events, passive travel, school active travel, non-school active travel, structured sport, out of home play, other | Between child analyses: gender, age, weight status and income deprivation | Between-day | Both | No |
Jakubec et al. [39] | ActiTrainer: hip, chest strap HRM, waking hours, Tremblay et al. cutpoints, 15 s epochs Data collection 3 consecutive school days | LPA, MVPA, VPA: % mins/day | None reported | Within-day | Between-group | No |
Jans et al. [66] | Injuries and Physical Activity in the Netherlands Survey 2000–2005 Data from Injuries and Physical Activity in the Netherlands survey 2000–2005, 1/4 of those who participated were given more detailed questions about sitting time and lying time | SED: sitting time mins/day | Family size, age, gender | Within-day | Between-group | No |
Liguori et al. [40] | ActiGraph (ActiTrainer): hip, waking hours, Troiano et al. cutpoints, 60s epochs Data collected 5 consecutive days (2 training days, 3 non-training days), across 4 consecutive weeks, participants randomly assigned to 1 of 4 weeks | MPA, VPA, MVPA: mean mins/day (average weekday, weekend day, week) | None reported | Within-day/Between-day | Both | No |
Long et al. [41] | ActiGraph 7164: hip, waking hours, Troiano cutpoints, Trost cutpoints Data obtained from 2003 to 2006 NHANES, 7 consecutive days | MVPA, MPA, VPA: 1 min bouts, 8 of 10 mins bouts of 1 min | Age, gender, income, race/ethnicity, fitness level (baseline), BMI, neighbourhood, school characteristics | Within-day | Within-person | No |
Mackintosh et al. [42] | ActiGraph GT3X+: hip, waking hours, Freedson youth cut points, 15 s epochs Data collected 7 consecutive days | SED, LPA, MVPA: mins spent in different intensities | Age, sex, condition, measurement day, wear-time, person-level PA, and/or sedentary time | Between-day | Within-person | No |
Massie et al. [43] | Actiheart: chest, 15 s epochs COSMED (gas exchange device): 20 min, supine position Data collected 7 consecutive days in weeks 0, 6, 12, and 18 (12-week supervised exercise intervention) | TEE, AEE: energy expenditure | N/A | Between-weeks (1–18 weeks) | Between-group | No |
Matthews-Ewald et al. [44] | ActiGraph GTX3E: hip, Evenson et al. cutpoints, 15 s epochs Data collected 1 week, beginning of term during which participants were enrolled in PE, and 1 week at the end of term. *Only data collected at the start of the term was used due to number of participants | SED, NEAT (LPA), MVPA: mins | Odds ratio: gender, BMI, duration of PE class (in minutes), and number of minutes spent in MVPA and NEAT during PE class Random effects: PE teacher | Within-day | Both | No |
Matthews et al. [67] | Activities Completed Over Time in 24 Hours Survey (ACT24) Data collected as 6 recalls over 12 months, randomly selected day every other month | SED, LPA, MPA, VPA, MVPA: hours/day | Age, sex, season of year and day of the week | Not clear | Within-person | Unclear |
McCormack et al. [68] | Active Australia Survey: frequency, total duration of PA Data collected from the SEID 1 project | LPA, MPA, VPA: minutes per week | Gender, age, education, and SES | Not clear | Within-person | No |
McLaughlin et al. [45] | Oxycongamma online gas analysis system: mouthpiece, 60s intervals Polar Vantage HRM: 8 days habitual, 8 days of exercise program Activity diary: 5 min intervals, match activity to EE Data collected 16 days, 8 days of habitual PA and 8 days of exercise program, 1 week washout for males, ~ 4 weeks washout for females | TEE, AEE, SEDEE, SAEE, SEE: energy expenditure (MJ) | N/A | Not clear | Between-group | No |
Meijer et al. [46] | Tri-axial accelerometer: (model not reported), 1 min epochs Data collected over 2-week period, baseline, week 6 and week 12 | Counts per day: All days, training days, non-training days | N/A | Between weeks | Both | Yes |
Morgan et al. [47] | Pedometers: two worn, right/left side of body Data collected over 2 consecutive weeks, each participant 2–4 days of full data | Steps: mean, daily, PE days, non-PE days | BMI, sex, level of activity | Between-day | Between-group | No |
Nooijen et al. [69] | PAQ: average PA behaviour and occupational PA Data collected 4 years apart, via survey 2010 and 2014 (follow-up) | LTE: hours/week, increase or decrease Occupational PA: scale ranged from mainly sedentary-heavy physical work | Age, gender, education | Changes across 4 years, within-day | Between-group | Yes |
O’Sullivan et al. [48] | ActiGraph GT3X: hip, 10s epochs, Evenson cutpoints Data collected over 7-day period, baseline week, washout week, 4 experimental days at least 4 days apart, after experimental day there were 3 days of post condition | PAEE: physical activity energy expenditure | Not reported | Within-day/Between-day | Within-person | No |
Penning et al. [49] | SenseWear: arm Data collected 48 h post lab sessions | EE: energy expenditure (kJ) | Not reported | Between-day (48 h post) | Within-person | No |
Ridgers et al. [50] | ActiGraph: mid-thigh, waking hours, 5 s epochs, Trost cutpoints SenseWear: (subsample) arm, 1 min epochs Data collected 8 consecutive days | ActiGraph: SED, LPA, MVPA, min SenseWear: energy expenditure, kcal | Sex, decimal age, measurement day, wear time, person, year level, physical activity and/or sedentary time or energy expenditure (as appropriate) | Between-day | Within-person | Yes |
Ridgers et al. [51] | ActiGraph: hip, 5 s epochs, Freedson cutpoints, waking hours SenseWear: left arm, 1 min epochs, waking hours Data collected over 2-week period, worn Mon-Friday in week 1 and 2 | SED, LPA, MVPA: mins/day | Wear time, school | Within-day/Between-day | Within-person | No |
Ridgers et al. [52] | activPAL: mid-thigh, waking hours, 15 s epochs Data collected over 8 consecutive days | Sitting time, step time, standing time: mins, weekday, weekend | Sex, year level at school, day of measurement, waist circumference, activPAL wear time | Within-day/Between-day | Within-person | Yes |
Ridgers et al. [21] | ActiGraph GT3X+: hip, waking hours, 15 s epochs, Freedson cutpoints Data collected over 7 consecutive days | SED, LPA, MVPA: mins/day | Model 1: sex, grade, day of measurement, waist circumference, and wear time Model 2: In addition, avg. person-level PA and/or sedentary time per day Model 3: In addition, temperature, rainfall, humidity, mins of daylight | Between-day | Within-person | Yes |
Rocha et al. [54] | Actiheart: waking hours, 15 s epochs Indirect calorimetry Data collected 3 days, 2 occasions, 4 weeks between experimental conditions | % energy compensation (inclusive of EI) | N/A | Within-day/Between-day | Between-group | No |
Rocha et al. [53] | Actiheart: waking hours, 15 s epochs Indirect calorimetry Data collected 7 days between experimental conditions | % energy compensation (inclusive of EI) | N/A | Within-day/Between-day | Between-group | No |
Saunders et al. [55] | ActiCal: hip, Puyau cutpoints Ultima PF/PFX metabolic cart: REE/Vo2 Peak Data collected seven consecutive days, 4 occasions (baseline and three experimental conditions), 1 week washout between measurements | SED, LPA, MPA, VPA: min, % total wear time | Condition, wear time, age, sex, Tanner stage, BMI, baseline PA and sedentary behaviour | Not clear, separate statistical analyses of 24 h post indicates between-day | Between-group | No |
Schubert et al. [56] | NEPA: ActiGraph GTX3+, non-dominant wrist, 7 days VO2max and RMR: incremental test on a cycle ergometer with breath-by-breath gas collection ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 Data collected 7 days for ActiGraph, intervention sessions 3x week, 4 weeks | Exercise energy compensation (%) | None | Within-day | Both | Yes |
Schutz et al. [57] | Lifecorder uniaxial accelerometer: no info provided Data collected 2-weeks baseline, weeks 3–6 daily walking prescriptions, weeks 7,8 baseline ‘after’ | AEE: activity energy expenditure Steps/day: baseline, exercise prescription | None | Between-day | Both | Yes |
Siddique et al. [70] | ActiGraph 7164: waist, waking hours, Freedson et al. cutpoints,1 min epochs Data collected 2-weeks baseline, weeks 3–6 daily walking prescriptions, weeks 7,8 baseline ‘after’ | SED, MVPA: mins/day | Weekend, accelerometer wear time, gender, age | Between-weeks (2 week blocks, baseline, walking prescription, baseline ‘after’) | Both | No |
Stylianou et al. [58] | Pedometer (New Lifestyles NL-1000 model): > 3.6 METs, 4 s epochs PA participation log Data collected 2 weeks at baseline, 5 weeks alternating treatment | MVPA: % of program duration, % of daily MVPA, % school day MVPA Steps: % daily step guideline, % school day steps | BMI, sex, controlled for phase, PE, extra recess | Within-day | Within-person | No |
Tanaka et al. [71] | Active style Pro HJA-350IT: hip worn, waking hours Questionnaire: subjectively evaluated screen time Data collected 7 days | LPA, MVPA, VPA: ambulatory, non-ambulatory, and total, expressed as mins/day | Gender, age, body weight, and wearing time | Within-day (PA week totals/7) | Within-person | Yes |
Tigbe et al. [59] | ActivPAL: thigh, waking hours Data collected 7 days | Free living PA: Time spent sedentary, time spent upright, time standing, time walking, step count | None | Between-day | Between-group | No |
Turner et al. [60] | Actiheart monitor: chest, continuous (day and night), 1 min epochs Data collected 1 week baseline, 24-week intervention (data collected week 2, 9 & 18), 2-week post intervention | Low intensity: <  3 METs, time (mins) and energy (kcal) spent below threshold Mod-vigorous intensity: > 3 METs, time (mins) and energy (kcal) spent above threshold PAEE: physical activity energy expenditure | None | Not clear | Between-group | No |
Vandelanotte et al. [61] | IPAQ (long): phone administered Workforce Sitting Questionnaire: phone administered Data collected via telephone, ~ 40 mins per interview, November 2011 | Total, occupational and leisure sitting time (over the last 7 days) | Gender, age, education, income, BMI, physical activity and all work variables | Not clear | Within-person | No |
Wilkin et al. [72] | MTI (formerly CSA) uniaxial accelerometer: waking hours, Metcalf cut points, 1 min epochs Data collected 7 consecutive days (5 school days, 2 weekend days) | Low intensity, medium intensity, high intensity: weekly total | Seasonality, variation between accelerometers, age, body fat | Between-day | Between-group | Yes |