Worse sleep health predicts less frequent breakfast consumption among adolescents in a micro-longitudinal analysis

Table 1 Average descriptive statistics for analytical sample (N = 590)

Variable	M or %	(SD or n)
Demographic and household
Sex^a
Female	53%	(315)
Male	47%	(275)
Race/ethnicity
Black/African American	41%	(241)
Hispanic and/or Latino	25%	(148)
White/Caucasian	19%	(112)
Other,^b mixed, or none	15%	(89)
Body mass index (BMI) percentile^c	73.88	(24.96)
Annual household income	$65,794	($61,776)
Adolescent living arrangements
Does not live with two biological parents	68%	(401)
Lives with two biological parents	32%	(189)
Primary caregiver highest education completed
Less than high school	14%	(81)
High school	18%	(105)
Some college	47%	(276)
College	22%	(128)
Emotional health
Boredom^d	1.19	(.88)
Loneliness^d	.52	(.76)
Happiness^d	2.19	(.90)
Depressive symptoms score^e	.60	(.59)
School attendance
Attended school (proportion of days)	.43	(.34)
Nightly sleep measures^f
Sleep duration (hrs)	7.80	(1.07)
Sleep onset (clock time)	0:27	(1:44)
Sleep midpoint (clock time)	4:21	(1:42)
Sleep offset (clock time)	8:19	(1:46)
Sleep maintenance efficiency (%)	90.71	(3.39)
Subjective sleep quality^g	2.35	(.50)
Sleep variability measures^h
Variability (SD) of sleep duration (hrs)	1.56	(.80)
Variability (SD) of sleep onset (hrs)	1.29	(.73)
Variability (SD) of sleep midpoint (hrs)	1.22	(.65)
Variability (SD) of sleep offset (hrs)	1.57	(.91)
Sleep regularity indexⁱ	48.49	(13.24)
Social jetlag (hrs)^j	1.80	(1.15)
Dietary intake
Consumed breakfast (proportion of days)^k	.70	(.33)

^aData collected at birth
^bOther category includes Asian, Central American/Caribbean, Native American/Alaska Native, and/or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
^cCalculated based on 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts, matched for age and sex[46]
^dRanges from 0 (very slightly or not at all)–4 (extremely)
^eComputed from Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Score [47]. Range: 0 (low)–3 (high)[47]
^fThe mean number of valid actigraphy nights per adolescent was 5.6 ± 1.4 (range: 3–9); IQR 5–7
^gRanges from 0 (very bad)–3 (very good)
^hHigher value means greater variability, except the reverse for the sleep regularity index
ⁱCalculated based on formula from Phillips et al. [42]; ranges from 0 (low)–100 (high)
^jCalculated based on formula from Wittmann et al. [43]. N = 372 (adolescent included only if provided at least one weekday and one weekend night of actigraphy; n = 372)
^kThe mean number of breakfast reports per adolescent was 5.5 ± 1.4 (range: 3–9; IQR 4–7)
M, mean; hrs, hours; n, number; SD, standard deviation

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