Worse sleep health predicts less frequent breakfast consumption among adolescents in a micro-longitudinal analysis

Table 2 Associations of adolescent characteristics with breakfast consumption (N = 590)

	Within-Person			Between-Person
Model predictor	OR	95%CI OR		OR	95%CI OR
Daily measures (diary)
Attended school (ref = no school)	.63***	[.50	.80]	.83	[.52	1.32]
Boredom^a	.99	[.90	1.10]	.75**	[.62	.89]
Loneliness^a	.99	[.87	1.14]	.75**	[.60	.92]
Happiness^a	1.01	[.91	1.13]	1.42***	[1.19	1.68]
Person-level measures (one-time survey)
Male (ref = female)^b	---	---	---	1.98***	[1.46	2.69]
				OR	95%CI OR
Black/African American (ref = White/Caucasian)	---	---	---	.90	[.59	1.39]
Hispanic and/or Latino (ref = White/Caucasian)	---	---	---	1.23	[.77	1.97]
Other,^c mixed, or none (ref = White/Caucasian)	---	---	---	1.80*	[1.03	3.14]
Body mass index (BMI) percentile^d				.99***	[.98	1.00]^e
Depressive symptoms score^f				.77*	[.59	1.00]^g
Household income	---	---	---	1.00*^h	[1.00	1.01]
Adolescent lives with two bio. parents (ref = no)	---	---	---	1.35	[.97	1.89]
				OR	95%CI OR
High school (ref = less than high school)	---	---	---	.87	[.50	1.50]
Some college (ref = less than high school)	---	---	---	.92	[.58	1.47]
College graduate (ref = less than high school)	---	---	---	1.15	[.67	1.95]

Notes. Each row represents a separate linear mixed model. The within-person effect is represented by the deviation from the adolescent’s overall mean at each time point (daily diary measures only). The between-person effect is represented by each adolescent’s mean across all time points. The mean number of breakfast reports was 5.5 ± 1.4 (range: 3–9; IQR 4–7) per adolescent
^aRanges from 0 (very slightly or not at all)–4 (extremely)
^bData collected at birth
^cOther category includes Asian, Central American/Caribbean, Native American/Alaska Native, and/or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
^dCalculated based on 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts, matched for age and sex[46]
^e95%CI upper limit = .995
^fComputed from Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Score [47]. Range: 0 (low)–3 (high)[47]
^g95%CI upper limit = .998
^hOR = 1.003; 95%CI lower limit = 1.0006
^*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001, two-tailed
bio biological, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, ref reference category

ISSN: 1479-5868