Family-focused contextual factors associated with lifestyle patterns in young children from two mother-offspring cohorts: GUSTO and EDEN

Chia, Airu; Descarpentrie, Alexandra; Cheong, Rene N.; Toh, Jia Ying; Natarajan, Padmapriya; Sugianto, Ray; Cai, Shirong; Saldanha-Gomes, Cécilia; Dargent-Molina, Patricia; de Lauzon-Guillain, Blandine; Plancoulaine, Sabine; Lança, Carla; Saw, Seang Mei; Godfrey, Keith M.; Shek, Lynette P.; Tan, Kok Hian; Charles, Marie-Aline; Chong, Yap Seng; Heude, Barbara; Eriksson, Johan G.; Müller-Riemenschneider, Falk; Lioret, Sandrine; Chong, Mary F.-F.; Bernard, Jonathan Y.

doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01266-4

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Table 2 Hierarchical regression analyses to study contextual factors associated with “Discretionary foods and high screen time” pattern scores in GUSTO and EDEN children

From: Family-focused contextual factors associated with lifestyle patterns in young children from two mother-offspring cohorts: GUSTO and EDEN

	GUSTO boys n = 330	GUSTO girls n = 300	EDEN boys n = 527	EDEN girls n = 462
Family socio-economics and demographics
Maternal education
Low v. High	NIR	0.18 (− 0.41, 0.76)	0.35 (0.07, 0.63)*	0.30 (− 0.01, 0.62)
Intermediate v. High	NIR	0.26 (− 0.21, 0.73)	0.00 (− 0.21, 0.21)	0.05 (− 0.19, 0.28)
Paternal education
Low v. High	0.19 (− 0.32, 0.70)	0.17 (− 0.44, 0.77)	0.21 (− 0.05, 0.48)	0.23 (− 0.06, 0.53)
Intermediate v. High	0.16 (− 0.28, 0.60)	− 0.12 (− 0.61, 0.36)	0.02 (− 0.21, 0.25)	0.09 (− 0.17, 0.35)
Monthly household income^a
Low v. High	− 0.08 (− 0.59, 0.42)	0.03 (− 0.55, 0.61)	0.22 (− 0.06, 0.49)	− 0.04 (− 0.36, 0.28)
Intermediate v. High	0.00 (− 0.45, 0.45)	− 0.21 (− 0.73, 0.31)	0.17 (− 0.05, 0.38)	0.02 (− 0.20, 0.25)
Household hardship^a
Yes v. No	NIR	NIR	NIR	NIR
Ethnicity
Malay v. Chinese	1.10 (0.68, 1.52)*	1.08 (0.63, 1.53)*	NIR	NIR
Indian v. Chinese	0.47 (0.04, 0.90)*	0.61 (0.16, 1.06)*	NIR	NIR
Maternal age at delivery
< 27 y v. > 33 y	0.10 (−0.34, 0.55)	0.19 (− 0.27, 0.65)	0.09 (− 0.15, 0.32)	NIR
27–33 y v. > 33 y	0.13 (− 0.24, 0.49)	− 0.01 (− 0.38, 0.36)	−0.12 (− 0.31, 0.08)	NIR
Maternal employment status^a
Unemployed v. Full-time	NIR	− 0.23 (− 0.62, 0.16)	0.08 (− 0.17, 0.32)	0.20 (− 0.07, 0.48)
Part-time v. Full-time	NIR	− 0.61 (−1.16, − 0.06)	−0.01 (− 0.20, 0.18)	0.08 (− 0.13, 0.29)
Mother lives alone (no other adults)^a
Yes v. No	NIR	NIR	NIR	NIR
Older sibling(s) at home
Yes v. No	0.03 (−0.30, 0.37)	0.24 (− 0.10, 0.59)	NIR	NIR
Younger sibling(s) at home^a
Yes v. No	−0.39 (− 0.74, − 0.04)*	NIR	NIR	NIR
Pets at home¹
Dog(s) v. No pets	−0.44 (−1.31, 0.43)	NIR	0.22 (0.01, 0.42)*	0.25 (0.02, 0.48)*
Other animal(s) v. No pets	0.34 (−0.11, 0.78)	NIR	0.17 (−0.03, 0.37)	0.08 (−0.13, 0.29)
Parental health and lifestyle habits
Maternal diet during pregnancy
Healthy	−0.11 (− 0.29, 0.06)	−0.20 (− 0.37, − 0.03)*	0.12 (0.03, 0.22)*	NIR
Western	NIR	NIR	0.37 (0.28, 0.46)*	0.31 (0.17, 0.45)*
Maternal physical activity^a
Low v. High	NIR	0.28 (−0.15, 0.71) -0.06 (− 0.47, 0.35)	0.16 (− 0.06, 0.39) 0.09 (− 0.15, 0.33)	0.13 (− 0.15, 0.41) 0.00 (− 0.29, 0.30)
Intermediate v. High	NIR		0.16 (− 0.06, 0.39) 0.09 (− 0.15, 0.33)	0.13 (− 0.15, 0.41) 0.00 (− 0.29, 0.30)
Maternal BMI^a
Obese v. Normal	−0.01 (− 0.44, 0.42) 0.23 (− 0.13, 0.59)	0.08 (− 0.37, 0.54)	NIR	0.17 (− 0.09, 0.43)
Overweight v. Normal	−0.01 (− 0.44, 0.42) 0.23 (− 0.13, 0.59)	0.22 (− 0.16, 0.59)	NIR	0.04 (− 0.18, 0.26)
Maternal depressive symptoms^a
Yes v. No	0.39 (−0.16, 0.93)	NIR	0.00 (−0.22, 0.22)	0.14 (−0.10, 0.38)
Mother or father smoking^a
Yes v. No	−0.04 (− 0.40, 0.32)	0.10 (− 0.29, 0.50)	0.09 (− 0.08, 0.26)	0.01 (− 0.18, 0.20)
Childcare arrangements outside school^a
Centre-based v. Parental care	0.13 (− 0.23, 0.50)	−0.41 (−1.10, 0.27)	−0.11 (− 0.29, 0.07)	−0.10 (− 0.32, 0.11)
Non-parental v. Parental care	0.56 (0.10, 1.02)*	−0.09 (− 0.63, 0.44)	−0.17 (− 0.39, 0.04)	0.08 (− 0.15, 0.30)
Eats lunch in school or childcare^a
Yes v. No	NIR	−0.12 (− 0.71, 0.47)	NIR	NIR
Parent-child interaction factors
Parental feeding practices^b
High v. mid and low tertile
Child control	0.51 (0.12, 0.91)*	0.51 (0.08, 0.93)*	0.12 (−0.05, 0.29)	0.21 (0.02, 0.40)*
Food as reward	0.13 (−0.29, 0.55)	0.42 (0.02, 0.81)*	0.02 (−0.14, 0.19)	0.01 (−0.17, 0.19)
Restriction for health	NIR	NIR	−0.09 (− 0.25, 0.07)	−0.14 (− 0.31, 0.03)
Pressure to eat	NIR	NIR	NIR	NIR
Daily breakfast intake^a
Yes v. No	NIR	−0.37 (−0.81, 0.07)	NIR	NIR
Television on during meals^a
Often v. Never	0.19 (−0.18, 0.56)	0.58 (0.20, 0.96)*	0.52 (0.31, 0.72)*	0.35 (0.12, 0.58)*
Sometimes v. Never	0.31 (−0.04, 0.66)	0.35 (−0.02, 0.72)	0.38 (0.20, 0.56)*	0.29 (0.09, 0.49)*
Snacking between meals^a
Often v. Never	1.01 (0.52, 1.49)*	0.83 (0.34, 1.32)*	0.66 (0.41, 0.91)*	0.85 (0.58, 1.13)*
Sometimes v. Never	0.52 (0.15, 0.90)*	0.21 (−0.18, 0.61)	0.07 (−0.11, 0.25)	0.06 (− 0.13, 0.26)
Participation in an organized sports activity^a
Yes v. No	−0.15 (− 0.46, 0.16)	−0.15 (− 0.47, 0.17)	−0.15 (− 0.30, 0.00)*	−0.06(− 0.23, 0.11)
Parent’s perception of child’s physical activity^a
More active v. Less or as active than other children	NIR	NIR	NIR	−0.08 (− 0.34, 0.18)
Time child goes to bed^a	0.17 (−0.09, 0.43)	0.06 (− 0.17, 0.29)	0.06 (− 0.15, 0.27)	0.19 (− 0.04, 0.42)
Child’s sleep duration^a	NIR	NIR	−0.12 (− 0.31, 0.06)	−0.05 (− 0.26, 0.16)

^aWhen the child was between age 4 to 6 years in GUSTO and age 5 years in EDEN
^bWhen the child was age 5 years in GUSTO and age 2 years in EDEN
*denote P < 0.05
NIR Not Included in final hierarchical regression. Variables with p > 0.20 in the univariate analyses and also in the multivariable analysis of the n-1 block were not included in the final three-stage hierarchical regression analyses

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