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Table 4 Prevalence of beverage purchases across customer characteristics (n = 3010 customers), Minneapolis-St. Paul, USA, 2014–2017

From: Secular trends and customer characteristics of sweetened beverage and water purchasing at US convenience and other small food stores, 2014–2017

 

SSBs

ASBs

Watera

 

OVERALL

Soda

Fruit

Sports

Energy

Tea

OVERALL

Diet Soda

OVERALL

Customer Characteristic

Predicted % (SE)

 Age

  18–39 years (ref)

52.5 (1.8)

26.7 (1.6)

10.0 (1.0)

6.3 (0.7)

4.7 (0.7)

5.5 (0.7)

6.4 (0.8)

2.9 (0.5)

6.9 (0.8)

  40–59 years

44.2 (2.1)

27.1 (1.7)

6.0 (0.9)

2.7 (0.5)

2.2 (0.5)

4.7 (0.8)

10.2 (1.2)

7.3 (1.1)

7.1 (0.9)

   > = 60 years

25.9 (2.6)

17.3 (2.3)

1.3 (0.7)

0.9 (0.7)

0.5 (0.3)

2.6 (1.2)

5.9 (1.4)

4.9 (1.3)

8.2 (1.8)

 Sex

  Male (ref)

43.0 (1.9)

24.1 (1.6)

4.0 (0.9)

2.6 (0.7)

2.3 (0.6)

4.9 (0.9)

6.0 (0.8)

3.5 (0.7)

7.4 (0.9)

  Female

37.6 (2.2)

22.6 (1.9)

4.5 (1.0)

2.4 (0.7)

1.3 (0.4)

3.4 (0.7)

8.9 (1.2)

6.4 (1.0)

7.4 (0.9)

 Race/ethnicity

  Non-Hispanic White (ref)

40.1 (2.0)

21.7 (1.4)

2.7 (0.6)

3.3 (0.9)

3.1 (0.8)

3.5 (0.6)

13.4 (1.2)

9.3 (1.0)

7.2 (0.8)

  Non-Hispanic Black

41.3 (2.0)

25.9 (1.8)

5.8 (1.2)

2.1 (0.6)

0.8 (0.3)

3.7 (0.8)

2.6 (0.4)

1.4 (0.4)

6.8 (0.9)

  Hispanic

40.2 (4.5)

20.8 (3.6)

4.8 (1.4)

2.3 (1.0)

1.9 (0.9)

5.1 (1.8)

11.5 (3.1)

11.1 (3.3)

7.9 (2.3)

  Non-Hispanic Other Groupb

39.4 (2.9)

25.3 (2.3)

4.4 (1.2)

2.5 (0.7)

1.7 (0.5)

4.2 (1.1)

6.1 (1.2)

3.1 (0.8)

7.6 (1.4)

 Education

  High school diploma or less

45.5 (1.8)

28.4 (1.8)

4.9 (1.1)

2.2 (0.6)

1.5 (0.5)

4.3 (0.9)

5.7 (0.9)

4.4 (0.8)

5.6 (0.9)

  Some college

40.0 (2.4)

23.2 (1.9)

3.4 (0.8)

2.7 (0.8)

2.2 (0.7)

5.0 (1.0)

6.2 (0.9)

3.2 (0.6)

8.4 (1.1)

  Bachelor’s degree or more (ref)

31.5 (2.4)

15.5 (1.7)

4.2 (1.0)

2.9 (0.8)

1.4 (0.4)

2.7 (0.7)

10.8 (1.6)

7.8 (1.5)

8.7 (1.2)

 Household income

   < $25,000

43.3 (2.1)

25.5 (1.9)

4.9 (1.1)

2.5 (0.8)

2.0 (0.5)

4.4 (1.1)

5.8 (1.0)

3.7 (0.8)

6.5 (1.1)

  $25,000–$50,000

41.1 (2.3)

25.2 (2.0)

3.1 (0.8)

2.8 (0.8)

2.0 (0.6)

3.7 (1.0)

6.8 (1.0)

4.7 (0.8)

8.3 (1.3)

   > $50,000 (ref)

37.9 (2.6)

21.5 (2.0)

4.3 (1.0)

2.6 (0.7)

1.6 (0.5)

3.1 (0.8)

8.7 (1.5)

6.6 (1.4)

8.8 (1.2)

 Body Mass Index

   < 25 (ref)

37.3 (2.5)

21.2 (1.9)

4.4 (1.0)

2.1 (0.6)

2.0 (0.6)

3.7 (0.9)

6.0 (1.1)

3.9 (0.9)

7.8 (1.0)

  25–29.9

41.5 (2.2)

25.6 (2.0)

3.9 (0.8)

2.3 (0.6)

1.4 (0.4)

3.1 (0.7)

7.6 (1.2)

4.6 (0.9)

6.8 (0.9)

   > =30

41.5 (2.0)

23.4 (1.7)

4.5 (1.1)

3.1 (1.0)

1.9 (0.6)

4.6 (0.9)

7.4 (1.1)

5.1 (0.9)

7.6 (1.3)

 Shopping frequency

  At least daily

44.4 (2.3)

26.3 (2.0)

4.5 (1.1)

2.6 (0.9)

2.1 (0.6)

3.0 (0.8)

6.3 (1.0)

4.4 (0.9)

5.4 (0.9)

  1–6 times per week

39.8 (2.0)

23.3 (1.8)

3.6 (1.0)

2.5 (0.7)

1.7 (0.5)

4.5 (0.9)

8.4 (1.2)

5.5 (1.0)

6.8 (1.0)

  Less than 1 time per week (ref)

36.3 (2.4)

20.3 (1.9)

3.2 (0.8)

2.5 (0.7)

1.3 (0.5)

4.6 (1.1)

6.6 (1.1)

3.8 (0.8)

10.3 (1.3)

 Neighborhood Poverty Statusc

  High Poverty

43.7 (2.4)

26.0 (2.1)

5.1 (1.4)

2.5 (0.8)

1.8 (0.5)

4.2 (1.2)

6.4 (1.3)

3.3 (1.0)

5.3 (1.1)

  Less Poverty (ref)

39.2 (2.1)

21.7 (1.7)

4.1 (0.9)

2.6 (0.7)

1.8 (0.5)

4.4 (0.9)

7.8 (1.0)

5.7 (0.8)

7.5 (0.9)

 Neighborhood Food Desert Statusd

  Low-income/ Low-access

41.7 (2.5)

23.0 (2.1)

5.0 (1.1)

2.7 (0.9)

1.7 (0.4)

4.0 (0.9)

6.0 (1.0)

3.3 (0.8)

7.3 (1.3)

  Not low-income/ Not low-access (ref)

39.8 (2.0)

22.7 (1.7)

4.2 (0.9)

2.5 (0.6)

2.2 (0.8)

4.5 (0.9)

8.0 (1.0)

5.7 (0.9)

6.8 (0.8)

  1. All models controlled for customer age, sex, race/ethnicity, a city effect (study design), time trends, and included store identification as a random effect due to nesting of customers within stores. Boldface indicates statistically significant difference from reference category(P ≤ 0.05). ASB artificially-sweetened beverages; ref., reference category; SSBs sugar-sweetened beverages
  2. a Unsweetened water
  3. b Non-Hispanic Other Group included: n = 9 Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander/Native Hawaiian, n = 99 Non-Hispanic Asian, n = 123 Non-Hispanic American Indian/ Native Alaskan, n = 128 Non-Hispanic More than 1 racial group, n = 132 Non-Hispanic Racial Category not captured
  4. c n = 2741 customers with residential neighborhood data. High poverty status, > 50% of residents < 185% federal poverty level; Less poverty status, ≤ 50% of residents < 185% federal poverty level
  5. d n = 2741 customers with residential neighborhood data. Food desert neighborhoods were defined as census tracts that were both low-access (100 or more households without access to a vehicle and located > ½ mile from nearest supermarket) and low-income (either a poverty rate > 20% or the census tract’s median family income is < 80% of the state or metropolitan area’s median family income [41]
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