Fig. 1

Proportional multi-state life table (Adapted from Forster et al. [34]; PIF: potential impact fraction; x: age; i: incidence; p: prevalence; m: mortality; w: disability-adjustment; q: probability of dying; l: number of survivors; L: life years; Lw: disability-adjusted life years; HALY is health-adjusted life year; -: denotes a parameter that is related to all other diseases but excludes modelled diseases; + : denotes a parameter that relates to all modelled diseases). This schematic demonstrates how HALYs were calculated from the disease process of five diseases